Plant Biotechnology Persa

en Probiotic Therapy in Hypertension: A Review of Evidence from Animal and Human Models Pharmacological كاربردي Review/Systemtic review Objective: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders, substantially increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Emerging evidence indicates that disruptions in gut microbiota may play a critical role in blood pressure regulation, positioning probiotics as a promising adjunctive approach for hypertension management. This review aims to synthesize findings from both animal and human studies regarding the role of probiotics in modulating blood pressure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, thereby evaluating the potential of probiotic therapy as a complementary strategy in hypertension management. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies published between 2010 and 2025 in major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC). The search strategy combined keywords related to “probiotics,” “blood pressure,” and “hypertension.” Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts were independently screened, and studies meeting predefined eligibility criteria were included. The final analysis focused on the effects of probiotics on blood pressure regulation. Results: Evidence from meta-analyses, clinical trials, and animal studies indicates that the consumption of probiotics and fermented products can induce modest yet statistically significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, particularly in individuals with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or elevated baseline blood pressure. These effects are primarily mediated through improvements in gut microbiota composition, enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and improved endothelial function via nitric oxide pathways. Higher doses, interventions lasting at least eight weeks, multi-strain formulations, and fermented dairy products appear to confer greater efficacy, although the observed effects are often short-term and of moderate clinical magnitude. Conclusion: Current evidence from animal and human studies supports the potential of probiotic therapy as a safe and complementary strategy for blood pressure management, especially in individuals with hypertension, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes. The blood pressure-lowering effects of probiotics are largely mediated by modulation of gut microbiota, increased SCFA production, attenuation of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, and enhancement of endothelial function. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in probiotic strains, dosages, intervention durations, and population characteristics limits the generalizability of these findings. <img alt="" src="./files/site1/images/copuediting.png" style="width: 586px; height: 265px;" >   ,Probiotics,Blood pressure,Gut microbiota,Systemic inflammation,Cardiovascular health 0 0 http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1524-3&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Ebrahim Mohammadi dremohammadi90@gmail.com 10031947532846006307 10031947532846006307 Yes Assistant Professor of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran