Volume 7, Issue 3 (7-2025)
pbp 2025, 7(3): 148-163 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Isah M. Recent Advancement of Nanomaterials: Properties, Fabrication, and Applications. pbp 2025; 7 (3) :148-163
URL: http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-283-en.html
URL: http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-283-en.html
Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia , imustapha@graduate.utm.my
Abstract: (303 Views)
Nanotechnology has revolutionized materials science, enabling the development of nanoparticles, nanocomposites and nanomaterials with superior mechanical, electrical, optical and thermal properties for applications in medicine, electronics, energy and environmental sustainability. The data were taken from recent publications available via Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. This review examines their classification, synthesis methods, key properties and applications and highlights the role of metal, metal oxide, carbon-based, polymeric and quantum dot nanoparticles in biomedicine, catalysis and nanoelectronics. Synthesis techniques are categorized into top-down (ball milling, lithography, laser ablation) and bottom-up approaches (sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition, biological synthesis), each offering unique advantages in terms of scalability and precision. Nanocomposites, including polymer-based, metal-based and ceramic-based types, incorporate nanofillers to improve mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, using fabrication methods such as in-situ polymerization. Functionalization further expands their applications in drug delivery, flexible electronics, and advanced coatings. However, challenges related to toxicity, environmental impact, scalability, and regulations persist, necessitating sustainable synthesis, AI-driven material design, and stringent ethical standards. Addressing these issues is key to unlocking nanotechnology’s full potential for next-generation industrial and scientific advancements.
Type of Study: Review/Systemtic review |
Subject:
Pharmacognosy
Received: 2025/03/2 | Accepted: 2025/05/22 | Published: 2025/07/27
Received: 2025/03/2 | Accepted: 2025/05/22 | Published: 2025/07/27
References
1. Kumar S, Kaur A, Gaur J, Singh P, Kaur H, Kaushal S, et al. State‐of‐the‐Art in Co₃O₄ Nanoparticle Synthesis and Applications: Toward a Sustainable Future. ChemistrySelect. 2025;10(6):e202405147.
2. Das HS, Basak A, Maity S. Materials Science and Nanotechnology. In: Innovations in Energy Efficient Construction Through Sustainable Materials. IGI Global; 2025. p. 175–206.
3. Khaleel MM, Alsharif A. Nanotechnology in Materials Engineering Innovations in Construction and Manufacturing. Open Eur J Appl Sci. 2025;:51–64.
4. Kalita M, Baruah S, Deka R, Dutta GK, Barua S. Nanoparticles and Nanofillers. In: Handbook of Nanofillers. Springer; 2025. p. 1–43.
5. Zizhe L, Rauf S, Xu Z, Sagar RUR, Faisal F, Tayyab Z, et al. Advanced Fabrication Techniques for Polymer-Metal Nanocomposite Films: State-of-the-Art Innovations in Energy and Electronic Applications. Chem Sci. 2025;.
6. Dakal TC, Bhushan R, Dhakar R, Kumar A. Classification and Applications of Bio‐nanomaterials. Bio‐Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation: Industrial Applications. 2025;p. 47–73.
7. Hughes KJ, Ganesan M, Tenchov R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Diaz LL, et al. Nanoscience in Action: Unveiling Emerging Trends in Materials and Applications. ACS Omega. 2025;.
8. Kardani SL. Nanocarrier-based formulations: Regulatory Challenges, Ethical and Safety Considerations in Pharmaceuticals. Asian J Pharm. 2024;18(02).
9. Souto EB, Blanco-Llamero C, Krambeck K, Kiran NS, Yashaswini C, Postwala H, et al. Regulatory insights into nanomedicine and gene vaccine innovation: Safety assessment, challenges, and regulatory perspectives. Acta Biomater. 2024;.
10. Asl FD, Mousazadeh M, Taji S, Bahmani A, Khashayar P, Azimzadeh M, et al. Nano drug-delivery systems for management of AIDS: liposomes, dendrimers, gold and silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine. 2023;18(3):279–302.
11. Balestri A, Cardellini J, Berti D. Gold and silver nanoparticles as tools to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;66:101710.
12. Qiao R, Fu C, Forgham H, Javed I, Huang X, Zhu J, et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for brain imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023;197:114822.
13. Al-Attafi K, Al-Keisy A, Alsherbiny MA, Kim JH. Zn2SnO4 ternary metal oxide for ultraviolet radiation filter application: a comparative study with TiO2 and ZnO. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2023;24(1):2277678.
14. Gatou M-A, Syrrakou A, Lagopati N, Pavlatou EA. Photocatalytic TiO2-based nanostructures as a promising material for diverse environmental applications: a review. Reactions. 2024;5(1):135–94.
15. Abdullah R, Jalil A, Asmadi M, Hassan N, Bahari M, Alhassan M, et al. Recent advances in zinc oxide-based photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024;.
16. Ahmad F, Zahid M, Jamil H, Khan MA, Atiq S, Bibi M, et al. Advances in graphene-based electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors: A review. J Energy Storage. 2023;72:108731.
17. Banupriya R, Jeevan T, Divya H, Yashas Gowda T, Manjunath G. 3D‐printed graphene‐reinforced composites: Opportunities and challenges. Polym Compos. 2025;46(2):1250–66.
18. Kulkarni R, Lingamdinne LP, Koduru JR, Karri RR, Kailasa SK, Mubarak NM, et al. Exploring the recent cutting-edge applications of CNTs in energy and environmental remediation: Mechanistic insights and remarkable performance advancements. J Environ Chem Eng. 2024;113251.
19. Beach MA, Nayanathara U, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Such GK. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. Chem Rev. 2024;124(9):5505–616.
20. Naser SS, Gupta A, Choudhury A, Yadav A, Sinha A, Kirti A, et al. Biophysical translational paradigm of polymeric nanoparticle: Embarked advancement to brain tumor therapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;179:117372.
21. Liu S, Tan B, Wang F, Yu Y. Applications of polymeric nanoparticles in drug delivery for glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol. 2025;15:1519479.
22. Sharma SN, Semalti P, Rajpal B, Rao AS. Pioneering Advancements in Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Innovations in Synthesis and Cutting-Edge Applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2025;101905.
23. Thanjavur N, Bugude L, Kim Y-J. Integration of Functional Materials in Photonic and Optoelectronic Technologies for Advanced Medical Diagnostics. Biosensors. 2025;15(1):38.
24. Sadr S, Rahdar A, Pandey S, Hajjafari A, Soroushianfar M, Sepahvand H, et al. Revolutionizing Cancer Detection: Harnessing Quantum Dots and Graphene-Based Nanobiosensors for Lung and Breast Cancer Diagnosis. BioNanoScience. 2025;15(1):111.
25. KM N, Karmakar S, Sahoo B, Mishrra N, Moitra P. Use of Quantum Dots as Nanotheranostic Agents: Emerging Applications in Rare Genetic Diseases. Small. 2025;.
26. Gungure AS, Jule LT. Introduction to Nanomaterials: Definitions, Properties, and Applications. In: Exploring Nanomaterial Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. IGI Global; 2025. p. 1–28.
27. Banger A, Kumari A, Jangid NK, Jadoun S, Srivastava A, Srivastava M. A review on green synthesis and characterisation of copper nanoparticles using plant extracts for biological applications. Environ Technol Rev. 2025;14(1):94–126.
28. Yang L, He R, Chai J, Qi X, Xue Q, Bi X, Wang K. Synthesis Strategies for High Entropy Nanoparticles. Adv Mater. 2025;37(1):2412337.
29. Yadav AK. A Review on Synthesis Methods of Materials Science and Nanotechnology. 2024;.
30. Palagati S, Reddy J. Synthesis by Top-Down and Bottom-Up. Adv Mater: Prod, Charact Multidiscip Appl. 2024;201.
31. Karimi K, Fardoost A, Mhatre N, Rajan J, Boisvert D, Javanmard M. A Thorough Review of Emerging Technologies in Micro-and Nanochannel Fabrication: Limitations, Applications, and Comparison. Micromachines. 2024;15(10):1274.
32. Wahab ATA, Abdulkadir BA, Miskan SN, Khan MMR, Setiabudi HD. A Review on Advancements in Solid‐State Hydrogen Storage: The Role of Porous Hollow Carbon Nanospheres. ChemistrySelect. 2025;10(5):e202404435.
33. Mehrifar Y, Moqtaderi H, Hamidi SM, Golbabaei F, Hasanzadeh M, Dehghan SF. Magnetic nanoparticles of Nd2Fe14B prepared by ethanol-assisted wet ball milling technique. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):3257.
34. Pal A, Dubey SK, Goel S. Cleanroom‐Assisted and Cleanroom‐Free Photolithography. Micro Electromechanical Syst (MEMS) Pract Lab Man. 2025;p. 21–7.
35. Xu J, Harasek M, Gföhler M. From Soft Lithography to 3D Printing: Current Status and Future of Microfluidic Device Fabrication. Polymers. 2025;17(4):455.
36. Pavel E, Dinescu A, Mladenovic DV, Brincoveanu O. Projection version of Quantum Optical Lithography with Type I diffracted photons. 2025;.
37. Wen B, Yang J, Hu C, Cai J, Zhou J. Top‐down fabrication of ordered nanophotonic structures for biomedical applications. Adv Mater Interfaces. 2024;11(5):2300856.
38. Park C, Kim W, Kim Y, Sung H, Park J, Song H, Jeong H, Yoo J. Nanofabrication Techniques for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025;14(2):e2302789.
39. Juul S, Rosendahl J, Vogt C, Sehgal P, Saric A, Bachmann M, et al. Functional Polymer Nanostructures in Biomedical Applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2024;199:114917.
40. Saranya S, Aravindhan V, Selvarajan E, Sivakumar M. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approach: A Review on Nanoparticles Synthesis. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2024;24(2):234–45.
41. Chatterjee S, Banerjee S. Applications of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials. 2024;.
42. Chen Y, Xie J, He X, Feng X, Yang F, Duan J. A comprehensive review on silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications. J Nanobiotechnology. 2024;22(1):102.
43. Govindarajan M, Benelli G, Rajakumar G. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts: A review of recent advances and biomedical applications. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2025;32(12):14572–85.
44. Singh P, Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol. 2025;43(5):413–24.
45. Rahman MS, Zaman K, Hasan M, Ahmed T. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles via green synthesis techniques and their biomedical applications. Nanomedicine. 2024;19:102622.
46. Menon J, Grover RK. Advances in Nanotechnology: An Overview of Applications and Future Trends. Nanomaterials. 2025;15(3):562.
47. Zhou Z, Liu L, Qiu X, Tang H, Fang Y, Liu B. Metal nanoparticles in biomedicine: synthesis, applications, and toxicity. J Mater Chem B. 2024;12(7):2042–60.
48. Xu L, Zhang Q, Yu Y, Jiang S. Current Trends in Nanomaterial Synthesis and Their Biomedical Applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2025;130:114324.
49. Zhang W, Chen D, Liu X, Li X, Huang Y. Nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery: advances and challenges. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(2):232.
50. Patel S, Singh A, Kaur N. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems: a comprehensive review. Curr Pharm Des. 2025;31(4):245–67
51. 51. Isah M, Malek NANN, Susanto H, Asraf MH, Matmin J. Determination of essential factors affecting silver nanoparticle synthesis using Moringa oleifera leaves. BIO Web Conf. 2024;117:01005.
52. Sheershwal A, Singh A, Sharma V, Trivedi B. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles for sustainable agricultural advancements: a comprehensive review. Nanotechnol Environ Eng. 2025;10(1):1–29.
53. Aliero AS, Hasmoni SH, Haruna A, Isah M, Malek NANN, Zawawi NA. Bibliometric exploration of green synthesized silver nanoparticles for antibacterial activity. Emerg Contam. 2025;11(1):100411.
54. Ibrahim SSS, Ansari YN, Puri AV, Patil VV, Gaikwad SS, Haroon RA. Recent progress in the green synthesis, characterization, and applications of selenium nanoparticles. BIO Integration. 2024;5(1):969.
55. Devi L, Kushwaha P, Ansari TM, Kumar A, Rao A. Recent trends in biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024;202(7):3383–99.
56. Chandrasekar V, Panicker AJ, Singh AV, Bhadra J, Sadasivuni KK, Aboumarzouk OM, et al. Artificial intelligence enabled biomineralization for eco‐friendly nanomaterial synthesis: charting future trends. Nano Select. 2025;e202400118.
57. Jamalzadegan S, Velayati A, Zare M, Dickey MD, Wei Q. Shape and size-dependent surface plasmonic resonances of liquid metal alloy (EGaIn) nanoparticles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.22022. 2024.
58. Mujahid F, Mujahid F, Azeem S, Muhammad B, Azeem MS, Rafique M, et al. Carbon based nanomaterials for detection of heavy metals and water treatment. Indus J Biosci Res. 2025;3(2):1–16.
59. Selim MS, El-Safty SA, Shenashen MA, Elmarakbi A. Advances in polymer/inorganic nanocomposite fabrics for lightweight and high-strength armor and ballistic-proof materials. Chem Eng J. 2024;152422.
60. Dulińska-Litewka J, Łazarczyk A, Hałubiec P, Szafrański O, Karnas K, Karewicz A. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles—current and prospective medical applications. Materials. 2019;12(4):617.
61. Manimaran M, Norizan MN, Mohamad Kassim MH, Salit MS, Norrrahim NF, Adam MR, Rushdan AI. Functionalization and performance of hybrid nanocellulose from plant-based/metal oxide nanocomposites for sustainable energy applications. Phys Sci Rev. 2025;(0).
62. Rezaei M, Mehdinia A. A review on the applications of quantum dots in sample preparation. J Sep Sci. 2025;48(1):e70061.
63. Si S, Majumdar AG, Mohanty PS. Silica-coated gold nanorods (AuNR@SiO2): synthesis, properties and applications in biomedicine and beyond. BioNanoScience. 2025;15(1):1–29.
64. Alam MW, Dhanda N, Almutairi HH, Al‐Sowayan NS, Mushtaq S, Ansari SA. Green ferrites: eco‐friendly synthesis to applications in environmental remediation, antimicrobial activity, and catalysis—a comprehensive review. Appl Organomet Chem. 2025;39(2):e7962.
65. Bakhshi A, Bakhshi M, Ahmadi B, Rahdar A. Multifunctional theranostic nanomedicine for infectious diseases. In: Theranostics Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery. Elsevier; 2025. p. 339–62.
66. Ali Dheyab M, Tang JH, Abdul Aziz A, Hussein Nowfal S, Jameel MS, Alrosan M, et al. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their emerging applications in cancer imaging and therapy: a review. Rev Inorg Chem. 2024;(0).
67. Kumar S, Premkumar M, Giri J, Hasnain SM, Zairov R, Wu J, Huang Z. Bismuth-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites: synthesis and applications. RSC Adv. 2024;14(53):39523–42.
68. Larrañaga-Tapia M, Betancourt-Tovar B, Videa M, Antunes-Ricardo M, Cholula-Díaz JL. Green synthesis trends and potential applications of bimetallic nanoparticles towards the sustainable development goals 2030. Nanoscale Adv. 2024;6(1):51–71.
69. Liu Z, Xie C, Heumueller T, McCulloch I, Brabec CJ, Huang F, et al. A review on organic nanoparticle-based optoelectronic devices: from synthesis to applications. Energy Environ Sci. 2025;18(1):155–93.
70. Chikwendu OC, Emeka UC, Onyekachi E. The optimization of polymer-based nanocomposites for advanced engineering applications. 2025.
71. Manikandan D, Gandhi VCS, Venkatesan R, Nellaiappan TA. Synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials: mechanical and thermal studies of polymer nanocomposites. In: Exploring Nanomaterial Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. IGI Global; 2025. p. 197–212.
72. Das N, Panda S, Das DK, Nayak SK, Parthasarathy S, Kirgiz MS, Patnaik P. Polymer nanocomposites: innovations in material design and applications. In: Exploring Nanomaterial Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. IGI Global; 2025. p. 169–96.
73. Omar IM, Emran KM, Ali SM. Structural applications of polymer and two-dimensional nanocomposites: a critical review. Polym Two-Dimens Nanocomposites. 2025;567–84.
74. Ranjbar B, Foroughirad S, Ranjbar Z. Polymer nanocomposite films and coatings: a general perspective on design configuration, processes, current applications, and future opportunities. Polymer Nanocomposite Films Coatings. 2024;1–27.
75. Çanakçı A, Çelebi M. Determination of nano-graphene content for improved mechanical and tribological performance of Zn-based alloy matrix hybrid nanocomposites. J Alloys Compd. 2024;1001:175152.
76. Monteiro B, Simões S. Recent advances in hybrid nanocomposites for aerospace applications. Metals. 2024;14(11):1283.
77. Shrivastava S, Rajak DK, Joshi T, Singh DK, Mondal D. Ceramic matrix composites: classifications, manufacturing, properties, and applications. Ceramics. 2024;7(2):652–79.
78. Singh L, Kumar N, Kumar A. The study of hybrid nano-composite materials and their various applications. In: Design, Fabrication, and Significance of Advanced Nanostructured Materials. 2025. p. 229–52.
79. Zhang J, Zhou Z, Zhang C, Fu Z, Zhou S, Shao J, Xu W. Carbon nanotubes-intervened interface design of quartz fiber/polyurethane composite fibers towards improved mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol. 2025;111065.
80. Etafa Y, Elangovan S, Legesse K, Chewaka M. Synthesis and fabrication techniques for nanomaterials. In: Exploring Nanomaterial Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. IGI Global; 2025. p. 241–66.
81. Guohua L, Zhiyong Z, Yangang W. Research progress on highly conductive polymer composites based on carbon‐based nanofillers. Polymer Compos. n.d.
82. Li S, Liu X, Yang Z, Han S, Gu H, Chu L, Meng Q. Enhancing the mechanical, conductive, and chemical resistance properties of SEBS nanocomposites using graphene nanoplatelets. Polymer Compos. n.d.
83. Isah M, Malek NANN, Susanto H, Asraf MH, Aliero AS. Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera-silver nanoparticles-kaolinite nanocomposite. Appl Clay Sci. 2025;269:107761. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2025.107761
84. Suhas K, Murthy B, Hiremath A. Fabrication and characterization approach to enhance the mechanical performance of zirconia‐coated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes reinforced high density polyethylene composites. Polymer Compos. 2025.
85. Mbamalu EE, Chioma UE, Epere A. Applications of fire retardant polymer composites for improved safety in the industry: a review. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad. 2024;1–19.
86. Zhang J, Zhou Z, Zhang C, Fu Z, Zhou S, Shao J, Xu W. Carbon nanotubes-intervened interface design of quartz fiber/polyurethane composite fibers towards improved mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol. 2025;111065.
87. Bandyopadhyay S, Dhara D. Nanostructured polymer composites: synthesis and applications. In: Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials. Springer; 2025. p. 431–54.
88. Mahesh K, Neelima P, Vijaya JS. Nanostructured polymer composites: a brief review on synthesis and properties. Mater Today Proc. 2024;71:2143–7.
89. Tiwari JN, Tiwari RN, Kim KS. Zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials for advanced applications. Nano Today. 2025;20:172–96.
90. Luo B, Lu M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zheng K, Chen J, et al. Recent advances in nanomaterials for water treatment. Environ Sci Nano. 2025;12(4):1121–53.
91. Makarov VV, Love AJ, Sinitsyna OV, Makarova SS, Yaminsky IV, Taliansky ME, Kalinina NO. “Green” nanotechnologies: synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Naturae. 2014;6(1):35.
92. Singh J, Dutta T, Kim KH, Rawat M, Samddar P, Kumar P. Green synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: applications for environmental remediation. J Nanobiotechnol. 2018;16(1):84.
93. Kaveh R, Kheiri F, Hemmatzadeh F, Khezri K. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plants and their antibacterial activity: a review. J Microbiol Methods. 2024;193:106462.
94. Sharma VK, Yngard RA, Lin Y. Silver nanoparticles: green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2009;145(1-2):83–96.
95. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, Ikram S. A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. J Adv Res. 2016;7(1):17–28.
96. Raghunandan D, Ramalingam R, Rajagopal G. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles and their applications. J Nanomed Nanotechnol. 2018;9(2):518.
97. Iravani S. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem. 2011;13(10):2638–50.
98. Dauthal P, Mukhopadhyay M. Noble metal nanoparticles: plant-mediated synthesis, mechanistic aspects of synthesis, and applications. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2016;55(36):9557–77.
99. Mittal AK, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. Biotechnol Adv. 2013;31(2):346–56.
100. Singh P, Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol. 2016;34(7):588–99.
101. Kumar S, Kaur A, Gaur J, Singh P, Kaur H, Kaushal S, et al. State‐of‐the‐Art in Co₃O₄ Nanoparticle Synthesis and Applications: Toward a Sustainable Future. ChemistrySelect. 2025;10(6):e202405147.
102. Das HS, Basak A, Maity S. Materials Science and Nanotechnology. In: Innovations in Energy Efficient Construction Through Sustainable Materials. IGI Global; 2025. p. 175–206.
103. Khaleel MM, Alsharif A. Nanotechnology in Materials Engineering Innovations in Construction and Manufacturing. Open Eur J Appl Sci. 2025;:51–64.
104. Kalita M, Baruah S, Deka R, Dutta GK, Barua S. Nanoparticles and Nanofillers. In: Handbook of Nanofillers. Springer; 2025. p. 1–43.
105. Zizhe L, Rauf S, Xu Z, Sagar RUR, Faisal F, Tayyab Z, et al. Advanced Fabrication Techniques for Polymer-Metal Nanocomposite Films: State-of-the-Art Innovations in Energy and Electronic Applications. Chem Sci. 2025;.
106. Dakal TC, Bhushan R, Dhakar R, Kumar A. Classification and Applications of Bio‐nanomaterials. Bio‐Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation: Industrial Applications. 2025;p. 47–73.
107. Hughes KJ, Ganesan M, Tenchov R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Diaz LL, et al. Nanoscience in Action: Unveiling Emerging Trends in Materials and Applications. ACS Omega. 2025;.
108. Kardani SL. Nanocarrier-based formulations: Regulatory Challenges, Ethical and Safety Considerations in Pharmaceuticals. Asian J Pharm. 2024;18(02).
109. Souto EB, Blanco-Llamero C, Krambeck K, Kiran NS, Yashaswini C, Postwala H, et al. Regulatory insights into nanomedicine and gene vaccine innovation: Safety assessment, challenges, and regulatory perspectives. Acta Biomater. 2024;.
110. Asl FD, Mousazadeh M, Taji S, Bahmani A, Khashayar P, Azimzadeh M, et al. Nano drug-delivery systems for management of AIDS: liposomes, dendrimers, gold and silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine. 2023;18(3):279–302.
111. Balestri A, Cardellini J, Berti D. Gold and silver nanoparticles as tools to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;66:101710.
112. Qiao R, Fu C, Forgham H, Javed I, Huang X, Zhu J, et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for brain imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023;197:114822.
113. Al-Attafi K, Al-Keisy A, Alsherbiny MA, Kim JH. Zn2SnO4 ternary metal oxide for ultraviolet radiation filter application: a comparative study with TiO2 and ZnO. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2023;24(1):2277678.
114. Gatou M-A, Syrrakou A, Lagopati N, Pavlatou EA. Photocatalytic TiO2-based nanostructures as a promising material for diverse environmental applications: a review. Reactions. 2024;5(1):135–94.
115. Abdullah R, Jalil A, Asmadi M, Hassan N, Bahari M, Alhassan M, et al. Recent advances in zinc oxide-based photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024;.
116. Ahmad F, Zahid M, Jamil H, Khan MA, Atiq S, Bibi M, et al. Advances in graphene-based electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors: A review. J Energy Storage. 2023;72:108731.
117. Banupriya R, Jeevan T, Divya H, Yashas Gowda T, Manjunath G. 3D‐printed graphene‐reinforced composites: Opportunities and challenges. Polym Compos. 2025;46(2):1250–66.
118. Kulkarni R, Lingamdinne LP, Koduru JR, Karri RR, Kailasa SK, Mubarak NM, et al. Exploring the recent cutting-edge applications of CNTs in energy and environmental remediation: Mechanistic insights and remarkable performance advancements. J Environ Chem Eng. 2024;113251.
119. Beach MA, Nayanathara U, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Such GK. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. Chem Rev. 2024;124(9):5505–616.
120. Naser SS, Gupta A, Choudhury A, Yadav A, Sinha A, Kirti A, et al. Biophysical translational paradigm of polymeric nanoparticle: Embarked advancement to brain tumor therapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;179:117372.
121. Liu S, Tan B, Wang F, Yu Y. Applications of polymeric nanoparticles in drug delivery for glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol. 2025;15:1519479.
122. Sharma SN, Semalti P, Rajpal B, Rao AS. Pioneering Advancements in Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Innovations in Synthesis and Cutting-Edge Applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2025;101905.
123. Thanjavur N, Bugude L, Kim Y-J. Integration of Functional Materials in Photonic and Optoelectronic Technologies for Advanced Medical Diagnostics. Biosensors. 2025;15(1):38.
124. Sadr S, Rahdar A, Pandey S, Hajjafari A, Soroushianfar M, Sepahvand H, et al. Revolutionizing Cancer Detection: Harnessing Quantum Dots and Graphene-Based Nanobiosensors for Lung and Breast Cancer Diagnosis. BioNanoScience. 2025;15(1):111.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |