@article{ 
author = {SepordehSeydani, Sorour and ShamsMoattar, Fatemeh},  
title = {Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Calcium Ions on Thermal Stability of Peroxidase in Calamintha officinalis Moench}, 
abstract ={Objective: The antioxidant activity of plant extracts and essential oils is particularly valuable due to their beneficial physiological effects and potential as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants. A major limitation in industrial applications of plant biomolecules is their low thermal stability. This study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and calcium ions on enhancing the thermal stability of peroxidase (POD) from Calamintha officinalis Moench (COM). Methods: Peroxidase activity was first assessed to determine the enzyme’s optimal pH and temperature. The impact of ZnO NPs on the thermal stability of POD was evaluated at various temperatures and nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.00001 mg/mL. Similarly, the effect of calcium ions on enzyme stability was tested at identical concentrations. A control group without Ca²⁺ or ZnO NPs was included for comparison. Results: The optimal pH and temperature of COM peroxidase were 6.8 and 25 °C, respectively, with maximum thermal stability observed at 40 °C. ZnO NPs at different concentrations did not significantly affect enzyme activity. In contrast, low concentrations of calcium ions (0.00001 mg/mL) enhanced enzyme activity during the first hour of incubation. Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles did not alter the activity of COM peroxidase under the conditions tested. However, calcium ions appear to positively influence the thermal stability of the enzyme, suggesting a potential role in enhancing the functional performance of plant-derived peroxidases},  
Keywords = {,Peroxidase,Thermal Stability,Calamintha officinalis,Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles,Calcium Ions},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shafaei, Mozhdeh and ebrahimi, Morteza and Mokhtari, Arash},  
title = {Effect of Drying Methods on the Quantity of the Hypericin in the Adventitious Root of the St John\'s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)}, 
abstract ={Objective: Hypericum perforatum L. synthesizes hypericin, a bioactive compound with antidepressant and antiviral properties. Optimizing post-harvest processing is crucial to preserve metabolite content, as drying conditions can markedly affect compound stability. This study evaluated the impact of shade-drying, oven-drying, and freeze-drying on hypericin accumulation in adventitious roots of H. perforatum. Methods: Fresh adventitious roots (~90% moisture, wet basis) underwent shade-drying, oven-drying, or freeze-drying until final moisture reached 37%, 8%, and 5.3%, respectively. Hypericin content was quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four independent root lines were analyzed to assess biological variability. Hierarchical cluster analysis with heatmap visualization examined the relationships between drying treatments and root lines. Results: Drying method significantly influenced hypericin retention. Freeze-drying preserved the highest levels, with peak concentrations of 0.166 mg/g DW, while oven-drying retained intermediate levels and shade-drying caused the greatest losses. Across all drying conditions, line 4 consistently exhibited higher hypericin content, indicating potential genetic or physiological advantages in metabolite biosynthesis or storage. Cluster analysis revealed a clear separation of freeze-dried samples, with line 4 displaying distinctly superior performance. Conclusion: Freeze-drying is the most effective method for maintaining hypericin in H. perforatum adventitious roots, whereas oven- and shade-drying substantially reduce content. Additionally, root line selection critically affects metabolite accumulation, with line 4 demonstrating the highest potential. These findings highlight that both post-harvest processing strategies and genotype optimization are essential for maximizing hypericin yield in biotechnological and industrial applications.  },  
Keywords = {Hypericum perforatum,hypericin,adventitious roots,drying methods,freeze-drying,hierarchical cluster analysis},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abdi, Farnoush and Mirzaie, Sako},  
title = {Development and Evaluation of a Novel DPP-4 Targeted Multi-Epitope Vaccine for Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Comprehensive Immunoinformatic Approach}, 
abstract ={Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a rapidly increasing global prevalence, posing serious health and economic challenges. Current pharmacological treatments often require lifelong administration and may lead to adverse effects or poor patient compliance. This study aimed to design and evaluate a novel peptide-based vaccine targeting the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme as an innovative immunotherapeutic approach for the management of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A multi-epitope vaccine was constructed by combining six cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes and one helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitope, integrated with an immunogenic adjuvant sequence. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were employed to predict antigenicity, allergenicity, physicochemical characteristics, and structural stability. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to assess vaccine binding affinity and interaction stability with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Furthermore, in silico immune simulations were conducted to evaluate the predicted immune response. Results: The designed vaccine exhibited high antigenicity, non-allergenic properties, and favorable physicochemical stability. Docking and dynamics results revealed a strong and stable interaction between the vaccine construct and TLR4. Immune simulations predicted significant activation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Conclusion: The proposed DPP-4-targeted peptide vaccine demonstrates strong potential as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus. It could serve as an alternative to conventional treatments by reducing lifelong drug dependency, improving patient adherence, and alleviating the economic burden of the disease.},  
Keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide vaccine, Toll-like receptor 4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Germame, Yordanos and Atnafu, Hailu},  
title = {Bioactive Compound Identification and Phytochemical Analysis of Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract}, 
abstract ={Objective: Mucuna pruriens, commonly known as velvet bean, is a climbing legume of the Fabaceae family. This study aimed to perform qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses and to identify the bioactive compounds present in the ethanolic seed extract of M. pruriens using GC-MS. Methods: Dried M. pruriens seed powder was extracted with ethanol at a 1:10 ratio using cold maceration. The extract was concentrated to dryness in a hot water bath over 72 hours. GC-MS analysis was conducted using Agilent Technologies equipment to characterize the phytochemical constituents. Identified compounds were compared against the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library for verification. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. GC-MS analysis revealed five major bioactive compounds in the ethanolic seed extract. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of M. pruriens seeds contains diverse bioactive phytochemicals, highlighting its potential as a source of natural compounds with therapeutic and pharmacological relevance. Further studies are warranted to explore the biological activities of the identified constituents},  
Keywords = {Mucuna pruriens,phytochemical analysis,GC-MS analysis,bioactive compounds,antioxidant activity},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Akbarykordlar, Ameneh and Soleimani, Ali},  
title = {Native Iranian Medicinal Plants with Adverse Effects on Pregnancy and the Fetus: A Review}, 
abstract ={Objective: The use of medicinal plants during pregnancy has increased due to traditional beliefs and their accessibility and affordability. However, certain plants may pose serious risks, including toxic effects on maternal health and fetal development. This review aims to identify medicinal plants with potential adverse effects on pregnant women and their unborn children. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple scientific databases, including Google Scholar, SID, ISC, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts, and MagIran. Keywords such as “medicinal plants,” “pregnancy,” “fetal teratogenicity,” and “side effects” were used in both Persian and English to capture relevant studies. Results: Several medicinal plants were identified as having notable toxic or teratogenic effects, including Aloe vera, pennyroyal, cayenne pepper, lily of the valley, senna, rue, licorice, saffron, Zingiber officinale (ginger), Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Origanum vulgare (marjoram), Polygonum multiflorum, Borago officinalis (borage), Ricinus communis (castor), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Anethum graveolens (dill), Vitex agnus-castus, Ocimum basilicum (basil), Rheum palmatum, and Prunus serotina. These plants have been linked to congenital anomalies and complications during pregnancy. Conclusion: Given these risks, careful and informed use of medicinal plants during pregnancy is essential. Healthcare professionals should educate expectant mothers about potential hazards and provide guidance to minimize adverse outcomes for both mother and fetus.},  
Keywords = {Medicinal plants, Pregnancy, Drug toxicity, Teratogenicity, Pregnancy complications},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.html},  
eprint = {},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Heydari, Nahid and Fotoohiyan, Zeinab and shariati, Mohammad and SalehiSardoei, Ali and Fazeli-Nasab, Bahm},  
title = {Biosynthesis of AgNPs Using Teucrium polium and Effect on TEM gene of E. coli}, 
abstract ={Objective: Escherichia coli is a prevalent etiological agent of nosocomial and urinary tract infections, with the presence of β-Lactamase enzymes encoded by the blaTEM gene contributing to enhanced resistance against antimicrobial agents. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized via Teucrium polium extract against the TEM gene-positive E. coli strains responsible for nosocomial and community-acquired UTIs. Methods: In this investigation, first, the synthesis of AgNPs was performed under optimal conditions by T. polium extract. Then the production of AgNPs were determined by the color change of extract to dark brown in the presence of silver nitrate and UV-visible absorbance in the 300–650 nm using a spectrophotometer. Then, 155 E. coli isolates obtained from urinary infection samples referred to the Dr. Shariati Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in Jiroft during the years 2023–2024.The isolates were identified and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles determined. Among these isolates, E. coli strains producing β-Lactamase enzymes were detected. Finally, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against β-Lactamase positive E. coli. was assessed through disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Furthermore, the impact of AgNPs on TEM gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR analysis. Results: results showed that among 155 E. coli isolates, 100 E. coli strains producing β-Lactamase enzymes. And PCR assays revealed the presence of the TEM gene in 60% isolates. Then the highest absorption at 450nm indicates surface plasmon resonance characteristic of synthesized AgNPs. Also, the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited significant bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against E. coli strains harboring β-Lactamase enzymes. Importantly, treatment with AgNPs resulted in a 34% reduction in TEM gene expression. Conclusion: Based on these findings, future research may explore the potential application of T. polium extract-derived AgNPs as an adjunct or alternative therapeutic modality to conventional antibiotics in the management of multidrug-resistant E. coli infections.},  
Keywords = {Teucrium polium,β-Lactamase,TEM gene,AgNPs,Urinary Tract Infection},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.docx},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bahmani, Mahmoud and Kazemnezhad, Mostafa and Karimi, Elahe and Ghaneialvar, Hori},  
title = {Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling of Native Cannabis sativa L. from Dehloran Using HS-SPME, GC–MS, and FT-IR Techniques}, 
abstract ={Objective: Cannabis sativa, a member of the Cannabaceae family, has a long history of use in Iranian traditional medicine, particularly for pain relief, alleviating menstrual discomfort, and improving mood disorders. This study aimed to extract and characterize the phytochemical constituents of native C. sativa from Dehloran (Ilam Province) using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analytical techniques. Methods: Plant specimens were collected from Dehloran, located in southern Ilam Province. The aerial parts of the plants were shade-dried and finely powdered. Essential oils were extracted using HS-SPME, and their chemical constituents were analyzed using GC-MS. FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to identify key functional groups. The essential oil extracted from Dehloran C. sativa seeds using HS-SPME was successfully analyzed with GC-MS. Results: A total of 36 volatile compounds were identified, with β-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, and α-humulene as the primary constituents. The chemical profile included monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated and esterified terpenoids, as well as several non-terpenoid compounds. FT-IR analysis further validated the presence of key functional groups, such as alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and alkanes. These findings collectively emphasize the plant's richness in bioactive and antioxidant compounds, highlighting its potential as a valuable resource for pharmaceutical applications. Conclusion: The essential oil of native C. sativa is rich in bioactive and antioxidant constituents, making it a promising candidate for developing medicinal formulations. The findings of this study provide a foundation for identifying pharmacologically relevant compounds in indigenous Iranian cannabis ecotypes and may aid in the advancement of natural therapeutic products.  },  
Keywords = {Cannabis sativa, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction, Dehloran ecotype, Iran},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ghaderi, Hossein and Havasi, Marzihe and Darvish, Marziyeh and Bakhtiary, Zahra and Soltani, Salman and Nooraei, Aref and Cheraghi, Faezhe and Kurd, Muhamm},  
title = {Comparative Evaluation of Salvia rosmarinus Extract Versus 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin for Spleen Tissue Fixation: Morphological, Microbiological, and Biochemical Assessment}, 
abstract ={Objective: Tissue fixation is critical in histopathology for maintaining structural integrity. Despite its prevalence, the toxicity of 10% formalin has prompted the search for natural, non-toxic alternatives. Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), rich in phenolic and antioxidant compounds, presents a potential candidate for tissue preservation. This study evaluated the efficacy of methanolic rosemary extract as a fixative for sheep spleen tissue compared to standard formalin. Methods: Twenty-eight sheep spleen specimens were divided into four groups (n=7) and fixed in either methanolic rosemary extract or 10% formalin for 24 or 48 hours. Following fixation, tissues underwent routine processing and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Histomorphometric analysis was performed to assess morphological preservation and cellular detail. Results: Histopathological evaluation revealed that rosemary extract provided acceptable structural preservation at both 24-hour and 48-hour intervals. The extract maintained the integrity of the capsule, white pulp, and red pulp, yielding results comparable to 10% formalin. Statistical analysis of cell counts showed no significant differences between the rosemary and formalin groups (P > 0.05). Notably, no evidence of autolysis or significant cellular degradation was observed in the rosemary-fixed samples. Conclusion: Methanolic rosemary extract serves as a viable, eco-friendly alternative for histological fixation, demonstrating comparable efficacy to formalin in preserving splenic architecture. While these results are promising for routine morphology, further research is required to evaluate its performance in immunohistochemistry and molecular applications, such as DNA/RNA preservation and PCR compatibility.  },  
Keywords = {Salvia rosmarinus,Tissue,Fixation,Formalin},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Das, Anish and RajaSheikh, Ramij and Pandey, Ankan and Biswas, Sayandip and Sarkar, Amrita and Mondal, Ismail and Mandal, Sudip Kumar},  
title = {Formulation and Evaluation of Lipid Micro-particle Based on Mosquito Repellent Cream}, 
abstract ={Abstract: Introduction: Malaria, dengue, and chikungunya are examples of mosquito-borne illnesses that continue to pose serious threats to worldwide public health, especially in tropical and underdeveloped nations. Despite the effectiveness of synthetic repellents like DEET, skin discomfort, offensive odors, and safety concerns restrict their use. Although they are safer substitutes, natural essential oils have a short half-life and are highly volatile. The goal of this study was to create a mosquito repellent cream using lipid micro-particles and natural essential oils that would provide longer-lasting protection, better skin compatibility, and increased user acceptability. Methods: Citronella, lemongrass, and peppermint oils were used as active repellents in a lipid micro-particle cream that was created utilizing candelilla wax, glycerylmonostearate, and beeswax as lipid carriers. The formulation's pH, spreadability, viscosity, and physicochemical characteristics were assessed. Using a micro-dialysis method and an 8-hour HPLC analysis, in vitro release kinetics were investigated. Controlled laboratory and field studies were conducted to evaluate in vivo repellent efficacy, safety, skin irritation potential, stability, user acceptance, field performance, and comparative efficacy against a DEET-based product Result: The lipid micro-particle cream had a skin-friendly pH, a smooth texture, and high spreadability. Studies conducted in vitro revealed that essential oils might be released continuously for up to eight hours. Evaluations conducted in vivo and in the field showed an 80–90% decrease in mosquito bites over the course of four to six hours. The formulation demonstrated good user satisfaction, did not irritate the skin, and stayed stable for a full year. Conclusion: Using natural essential oils, the created lipid micro-particle mosquito repellent lotion offers efficient, long-lasting, and secure protection. It is a viable natural substitute for traditional synthetic insect repellents because to its regulated release profile, superior skin tolerability, and high user acceptance.},  
Keywords = {Mosquito repellent cream, lipid micro-particles, peppermint oil, sustained release, repellence effect},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-383-en.html},  
eprint = {},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mohammadi, Sedigh and Taheri, Ali},  
title = {Exploring the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Organic Extracts from the Red Alga Laurencia obtusa Found Along the Chabahar Coast}, 
abstract ={ Objective: The discovery of antioxidant substances with great nutraceutical value and minor side effects for applications in preventive medicine, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry is a rapidly growing area of research. Consequently, algae, particularly marine macroalgae, are increasingly recognized as valuable sources of bioactive compounds with properties such as antioxidant, antitumor, and antihypertensive effects. This makes them ideal for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and they have attracted significant research interest. The algae along the Chabahar coast are rich in potential for future research. They are a potential resource for several studies. This study investigated the antioxidant characteristics of the red alga Laurencia obtusa collected from Chabahar Bay in vitro. Methods: Algae were collected from the intertidal zone of Chabahar at a certain depth during the peak growth season. The process of using seawater and then fresh water for washing was followed by drying and grinding the algae. The extraction process was conducted using a maceration technique with an algae-to-solvent ratio of 1:10 over a 24-hour period. The solvents used were methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, and chloroform, each at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro through DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating activity, and reducing power assays, with each assay performed in triplicates. In the DPPH and reducing power assays, ascorbic acid served as the positive control, while EDTA was used as the positive control in the chelating assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Data processing was performed using GraphPad Prism 7 software, and the graphs and determination of IC₅₀ were determined in Excel by applying linear regression of the different concentrations against the responses to obtain the linear formula. Results: The assays indicated that the chloroform extract (1.38 mg/mL) exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ value and the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity for L. obtusa. The scavenging activity of the chloroform extract was significantly greater (p < 0.0001) at all tested concentrations than that of the hexane and dichloromethane extracts. Conversely, the methanol extract exhibited the lowest radical-scavenging activity (p < 0.05). In the chelating assay, the IC₅₀ value for chloroform (1.95 mg/mL) was higher than that for hexane (2.61 mg/mL), dichloromethane (4.86 mg/mL), and methanol (5.44 mg/mL) (p < 0.05). The highest reducing power was observed in the hexane extract, followed in decreasing order by the chloroform, methanol, and dichloromethane extracts. It was concluded that the increase in concentration of the active substance increased the antioxidant activity of the extracts under study, with significant differences noted at 1 mg/mL compared to other concentrations in the different treatments (p < 0.05).  Conclusion: Low-polarity organic solvents are better solvents than high-polarity solvents for extracting antioxidants from L. obtusa, as they yield extracts with the highest in vitro activity. The extracts contain antioxidant compounds with a high electron-donating capacity and metal ion-chelating power. It is advisable to identify and purify the antioxidant compounds found in the chloroform and hexane extracts of L. obtusa.},  
Keywords = {Laurencia obtusa,Marine algae,Antioxidant properties,Free radicals,Chelating,Reduction power},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hashemi, Asad and MohammadHosseiniazar, Mohammadrez},  
title = {Probiotics and Their Role in Celiac Disease: A Review of Animal, Cellular, and Human Studies}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small intestine, characterized by gluten sensitivity and villous atrophy, which leads to nutrient malabsorption and gastrointestinal complications. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiota may significantly influence the severity of celiac symptoms. Consequently, probiotics have received increasing attention as a potential adjunctive therapeutic strategy. Methods: This review systematically examined studies published between 2010 and 2025, identified through searches in major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search focused on studies investigating the effects of probiotics on gut microbiota modulation, regulation of inflammatory immune responses, and improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with celiac disease. Results: Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that probiotic supplementation particularly strains from the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus may confer beneficial effects by modulating gut microbial composition, attenuating inflammatory immune responses, and alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac patients. However, some studies report inconsistent effects on systemic immune markers and celiac-specific antibodies. Overall, probiotics appear to be safe when administered alongside a gluten-free diet and may positively influence inflammation, microbial balance, and patient quality of life. Nonetheless, current evidence remains insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding long-term efficacy, emphasizing the need for larger, well-designed clinical trials. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that probiotics may serve as a useful adjunct to a gluten-free diet in managing celiac disease by promoting gut microbial balance and modulating inflammatory immune responses. However, heterogeneity in study outcomes and limitations in human trials highlight the necessity for more extensive, standardized clinical research to determine optimal strains and dosing regimens.},  
Keywords = {Probiotics, Celiac Disease, Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Inflammation, Malabsorption},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-405-en.html},  
eprint = {},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kamkari, Sima and Aghdaki, Maryam},  
title = {The Role of Prebiotics in the Prevention and Management of Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence}, 
abstract ={Objective: Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies among women worldwide. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the gut microbiota and its modulation through dietary interventions, particularly prebiotics, in relation to cancer-related pathways. This review aims to critically synthesize current preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the role of prebiotics in the prevention and adjunctive treatment of breast cancer. Methods: This narrative review was conducted based on available evidence from preclinical studies, including in vitro and animal models, as well as clinical and observational research. Relevant literature, including randomized controlled trials, case–control studies, animal experiments, and systematic reviews published between 2010 and 2025, was retrieved from major scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and regional indexing systems (ISC and SID). Studies investigating the association between prebiotic intake and breast cancer outcomes were included and analyzed. Results: Preclinical and clinical findings suggest that prebiotics may exert anticancer effects primarily through modulation of the gut microbiota and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites contribute to the regulation of the gut–estrogen axis, reduction of systemic inflammation, and enhancement of immune responses. Evidence indicates that prebiotics may suppress tumor cell proliferation and potentially reduce resistance to hormone-based therapies. In human studies, improvements in metabolic profiles and reductions in inflammatory biomarkers have been reported. Overall, prebiotics demonstrate promising potential as preventive agents and as supportive components in breast cancer management. Conclusion: Current evidence supports a potential beneficial role of prebiotics in breast cancer prevention and treatment through modulation of the gut microbiota and inflammatory–hormonal pathways. However, due to heterogeneity among studies, further large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are required to determine optimal types, dosages, and therapeutic efficacy.},  
Keywords = {Prebiotics, Breast cancer, Gut microbiota, Prebiotic therapy},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-404-en.html},  
eprint = {},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {soleimani, milad and Aidy, Ali and Ghaneialvar, Hori and Karimi, Elahe},  
title = {Effects of Wild Pistachio Fruit Herbal Mouthwash on Gingival Healing Following Clinical Crown Lengthening Surgery}, 
abstract ={Objective: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard for preventing dental plaque but is associated with undesirable side effects. This preliminary clinical study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a herbal mouthwash derived from Pistacia atlantica fruit at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% as an alternative to CHX, assessing postoperative healing following clinical crown lengthening surgery. Methods: Patients were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 10 per group): CHX mouthwash (0.2%), herbal mouthwash (1%, 5%, or 10%), or normal saline (NS) placebo. The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) and Plaque Index (PI) were recorded on the day of surgery. After two weeks, assessments included mouthwash taste, parotid gland swelling, tongue discoloration, tooth staining index (SI), PI, and MGI. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (adjusted significance threshold p < 0.005). Effect sizes (r) were calculated for significant pairwise comparisons. Results: The herbal mouthwash showed comparable efficacy to CHX in improving MGI and PI, with no statistically significant difference between the combined herbal groups and CHX (p = 0.002, r = 0.62). CHX caused significantly greater tooth staining than all herbal concentrations (p < 0.001, r = 0.74). Taste preference significantly favored the herbal mouthwash over CHX (p < 0.001, r = 0.62). None of the CHX-associated adverse effects (tooth staining, tongue discoloration, parotid swelling, unpleasant taste) were observed in patients using the herbal mouthwash to the same extent. Conclusion: Compared to chlorhexidine, the herbal mouthwash exhibited minimal adverse effects, including reduced parotid swelling, tongue and tooth discoloration, and improved taste acceptance. Additionally, it demonstrated comparable efficacy to chlorhexidine in improving gingival and plaque indices, suggesting that it may serve as an effective and well-tolerated alternative to chlorhexidine.},  
Keywords = {Herbal mouthwash,Chlorhexidine,Clinical crown lengthening surgery,Dental plaque},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-391-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-391-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Neisari, Roghaiyeh},  
title = {Herbal Neurosoothers in Pediatric Anxiety: Insights from Preclinical Research}, 
abstract ={Objective: Anxiety and restlessness are childhood concerns that can shape behavioral and physical development. Growing unease, about the side‑effects of pharmaceutical treatments has sparked interest in plants and herbal infusions as a gentler way to calm a child’s nerves. This study set out to explore both medical sources and current scientific literature to identify herbal remedies that can soothe nervous tension and improve sleep, in children. Methods: The review unfolded in two phases. In the phase the canonical texts of traditional medicine were examined to pinpoint plant species reported to possess calming effects, for children. The second phase involved a search and appraisal of pre‑clinical, animal and clinical studies using PubMed, Scopus and the SID database covering publications from 2000 through 2025. Results: The findings pointed to the presence of plants such, as Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Matricaria chamomilla L., Cichorium intybus L., Achillea millefolium L., Berberis vulgaris L., Echium Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Humulus lupulus L., Valeriana officinalis L., Crocus sativus L., Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Iranian traditional medicine suggests that these plants Melissa officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Thymus vulgaris L., Althaea officinalis L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Papaver rhoeas L., Passiflora incarnata L., Rosa damascena Mill. Rubus idaeus L., Citrus aurantium L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Urtica dioica L., Aloysia citrodora Paláu, Elettaria L.) Maton and Zingiber officinale Roscoe are thought to provide anxiolytic and calming benefits, for children. Conclusion: A striking degree of overlap can be seen between the herbal repertoire and contemporary scientific findings, on plant‑based calming agents for children. This convergence points toward the likelihood that many of these herbs may act as natural low‑risk remedies for tackling anxiety and fostering sleep, in kids. Nonetheless carefully crafted human clinical trials remain indispensable to establish dosage parameters and to uncover any adverse effects.  },  
Keywords = {,Relaxation,Nervous system,Medicinal plants,Therapy,Anxiety},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-407-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-407-en.docx},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bameri, Maryam and Taheri, Ali and Sharifian, Salim},  
title = {Extraction of the Phycobiliprotein pigments from the Red Seaweed Gelidium pusillum Using an Ultrasonic Method Combined with Maceration or Homogenization}, 
abstract ={Objective: Red algae (Rhodophyta) are a great source of phycobiliproteins like R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) and R-phycocyanin (R-PC). These compounds have notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and fluorescent qualities, making them useful in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Because of the resistant polysaccharide cell wall in species like Gelidium pusillum, extraction is not efficient. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of two combined extraction methods: ultrasound-assisted homogenization and ultrasound-assisted maceration, for the primary extraction of phycobiliproteins from G. pusillum collected from the Oman Sea, and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the resulting extracts. Methods: G. pusillum samples were collected during the fall from the Oman Sea in the Chabahar region and stored at -18°C. The thawed biomass was prepared for extraction by washing, manual fragmentation, and blending with a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at a 1:15 (w/v) ratio. Using the ultrasound-maceration technique, the biomass underwent manual maceration and stirring in an ice bath for 90 minutes. Subsequently, it was sonicated at 20 kHz and 100% amplitude for 14 minutes in a pulse mode (9 seconds on, 1 second off), ensuring the temperature remained under 30°C. The ultrasound-homogenization approach involved initial mechanical homogenization of the biomass (20,000 rpm for 4 minutes) before identical ultrasonication. The supernatant was separated and kept after the centrifugation process (9000 rpm, 20 minutes, 4°C). Spectrophotometry was used to measure R-PE and R-PC levels at 564 and 618 nm. Purity ratios and extraction yields (mg/g fresh weight) were determined. The primary functional groups were identified using FTIR analysis. Antioxidant activity was measured using a DPPH radical scavenging assay within the 0.01–1 mg/mL concentration range, referencing BHT as a positive control. All experiments were carried out in triplicate and data were analyzed with t-tests or one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test (significance at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Results: The phycobiliprotein concentration obtained by the ultrasound-homogenization method was significantly higher than that of the ultrasound-maceration method. Total phycobiliprotein concentration was 0.0326 ± 0.003 mg/mL for homogenization and 0.0213 ± 0.002 mg/mL for maceration (p < 0.01). Similarly, the yield of total phycobiliproteins obtained by the homogenization method was 0.391 ± 0.029 mg/g fresh weight, which represented an increase of approximately 36% compared to the maceration method (0.288 ± 0.024 mg/g fresh weight; p < 0.01). R-PE and R-PC yields were also significantly higher in the homogenization method (0.184 ± 0.015 and 0.206 ± 0.012 mg/g, respectively) compared to maceration (0.129 ± 0.010 and 0.159 ± 0.012 mg/g; p < 0.01 for both). The FTIR analysis showed that two methods successfully extracted the phycobiliproteins, but the maceration extract contained some lipids. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract from homogenization (0.5 mg/mL) measured 31.60 ± 4.82%, which was significantly higher than that of the extract from maceration (16.81 ± 6.07%). There was no significant difference at 1 mg/mL because of high variance in the maceration group. Both methods showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities with the highest scavenging at 1 mg/mL. Low purity ratios (from 0.0056 to 0.0145) were obtained for both methods, indicating polysaccharide contaminants and the need for additional purification steps. Total dry solid yields were similar for both methods (24.36 g/100 g wet weight for homogenization vs. 23.90 g/100 g for maceration) indicating comparable efficiencies in the extraction of total soluble compounds despite differences in the phycobiliprotein selectivity of the methods. Conclusion: The results show that the ultrasound-assisted homogenization method is more efficient than the ultrasound-assisted maceration for the primary extraction of R-PE and R-PC from G. pusillum, leading to a 36% increase in total phycobiliprotein yield and improved antioxidant activity at moderate concentrations. The advantage of homogenization lies in its superior ability to disrupt the resistant polysaccharide cell wall of Gelidium, resulting in improved penetration and cavitation effects of ultrasound. The extracts showed preliminary antioxidant activity, which warrants further investigation, but industrial application is still premature until the extracts are purified and a safety evaluation is performed. Future work should be concentrated on RSM-based optimization, complementary antioxidant assays (ABTS, FRAP), encapsulation for stability, and structural verification by SEM/FTIR. },  
Keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Phycoerythrin,Phycocyanin,Gelidium pusillum,Ultrasound-assisted extraction.},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-401-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-401-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Macooie, Ali Aghayar},  
title = {Application of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Jaundice: A Review of Traditional Iranian Medicine}, 
abstract ={Objective: Jaundice is a common condition in newborns, typically caused by liver or hematological disorders. Traditional Iranian medicine has provided natural, low-side-effect solutions for managing this condition, utilizing a variety of medicinal plants. These remedies have been employed for centuries in the treatment of jaundice in infants. This review aims to gather and identify the medicinal plants used in the treatment of jaundice within the framework of Traditional Iranian Medicine. Methods: This research, grounded in Traditional Iranian Medicine, involved the collection and review of medicinal plants associated with the treatment of jaundice, based on classical Iranian medical texts, herbal compendiums, and credible online resources. Results: In ancient Iranian medicine, medicinal plants such as Taraxacum officinale L., Cichorium intybus L., Silybum marianum L., Althaea officinalis L., Artemisia absinthium L., Plantago major L., Rheum rhabarbarum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Borago officinalis L., Petroselinum crispum L., Spinacia oleracea L., Viola odorata L., Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Plantago psyllium L., Plantago lanceolata L., Cydonia oblonga Mill., Prunus domestica L., Senna alexandrina Mill., Cucurbita pepo L., Rhus coriaria L., Portulaca oleracea L., Lepidium sativum L., Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Berberis vulgaris L., Malus domestica Borkh. were historically used to treat jaundice in newborns. Conclusion: The indigenous medicinal plants of Iran hold great potential as complementary options for managing jaundice. However, further scientific research is crucial to confirm their efficacy and safety, paving the way for the development of effective and safe herbal medications.  },  
Keywords = {,Jaundice,Herbal Medicine,Traditional Medicine,Iran,Treatment},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-411-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-411-en.docx},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {kheiry, maryam and Kaffashian, Mohammad Reza and Aliboroni, Alireza and maleki, maryam},  
title = {Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Insights into Molecular Signaling Pathways: A Systematic Review}, 
abstract ={Objective: Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a major cause of acute kidney damage following surgery, trauma, organ transplantation, and thrombotic events, primarily due to oxidative stress and cellular injury. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising therapeutic tools by enabling targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and reduced systemic toxicity. This systematic review evaluates the effects of NP-based therapies on IRIR, with a focus on their modulation of key molecular signaling pathways. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 1990 and 2024. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were included in the final analysis. Results: NP-based interventions consistently improved experimental RIRI outcomes by reducing oxidative stress, preserving renal function markers, attenuating inflammation and fibrosis, and modulating immune and gene-expression responses. These effects were observed across different nanoformulations and therapeutic cargos. Conclusion: Current evidence supports nanoparticles as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of renal IRIR, with clear potential for translation into advanced renal drug-delivery and renoprotective strategies.  },  
Keywords = {Nanoparticle exposure,Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury,Signaling pathways},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mohammadi, Ebrahim},  
title = {Probiotic Therapy in Hypertension: A Review of Evidence from Animal and Human Models}, 
abstract ={Objective: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders, substantially increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Emerging evidence indicates that disruptions in gut microbiota may play a critical role in blood pressure regulation, positioning probiotics as a promising adjunctive approach for hypertension management. This review aims to synthesize findings from both animal and human studies regarding the role of probiotics in modulating blood pressure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, thereby evaluating the potential of probiotic therapy as a complementary strategy in hypertension management. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies published between 2010 and 2025 in major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC). The search strategy combined keywords related to “probiotics,” “blood pressure,” and “hypertension.” Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts were independently screened, and studies meeting predefined eligibility criteria were included. The final analysis focused on the effects of probiotics on blood pressure regulation. Results: Evidence from meta-analyses, clinical trials, and animal studies indicates that the consumption of probiotics and fermented products can induce modest yet statistically significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, particularly in individuals with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or elevated baseline blood pressure. These effects are primarily mediated through improvements in gut microbiota composition, enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and improved endothelial function via nitric oxide pathways. Higher doses, interventions lasting at least eight weeks, multi-strain formulations, and fermented dairy products appear to confer greater efficacy, although the observed effects are often short-term and of moderate clinical magnitude. Conclusion: Current evidence from animal and human studies supports the potential of probiotic therapy as a safe and complementary strategy for blood pressure management, especially in individuals with hypertension, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes. The blood pressure-lowering effects of probiotics are largely mediated by modulation of gut microbiota, increased SCFA production, attenuation of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, and enhancement of endothelial function. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in probiotic strains, dosages, intervention durations, and population characteristics limits the generalizability of these findings.  },  
Keywords = {,Probiotics,Blood pressure,Gut microbiota,Systemic inflammation,Cardiovascular health},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Alinezhad, Bahm},  
title = {Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Blood Vessel Blockage in Traditional Iranian Medicine: A Review}, 
abstract ={Objective: Vascular blockage is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that can lead to serious health issues such as hypertension, stroke, and heart failure. Traditional Iranian medicine, which utilizes a wide range of medicinal herbs, offers natural approaches for the prevention and alleviation of vascular blockage symptoms. This study aims to identify and review the medicinal plants employed in Traditional Iranian medicine for the prevention and treatment of vascular blockage. Methods: This study involved a comprehensive review of sources within Traditional Iranian medicine as well as relevant scientific literature to identify medicinal herbs that are effective in the prevention and treatment of vascular blockage. Data were collected from reputable Traditional medicine texts and scientific databases, then categorized and analyzed according to their applications and mechanisms of action. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the information. Results: A variety of medicinal herbs, including Allium sativum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Curcuma longa L., Capsicum annuum L., Borago officinalis L., Spinacia oleracea L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Brassica oleracea var. italica, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Valeriana officinalis L., Melissa officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Cuminum cyminum L., Salvia rosmarinus (syn. Rosmarinus officinalis) L., Passiflora incarnata L., Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit., Crocus sativus L., Rosa × damascena Mill., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Cocos nucifera L., Prunus dulcis (var. amara) / Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (or Crataegus species), Olea europaea L., Citrus × paradisi Macfad., Morus nigra L., Punica granatum L., Cucumis melo L., Malus domestica Borkh., Avena sativa L., Salvia officinalis L., Cynara scolymus L., Prosopis fracta (local name), Prunus spp. (e.g., Prunus domestica), Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Medicago sativa L., have been utilized in Iranian herbal and traditional medicine for the treatment of vascular blockage. Conclusion: A wide range of medicinal plants has been used in Traditional Iranian medicine to prevent and alleviate vascular blockage, and their effects on improving circulation and cardiovascular health are well-documented. These herbs may represent a natural and low-risk approach for the prevention and treatment of vascular blockage. Further scientific research into the clinical effects of these herbs could support their integration into modern medical practice.  },  
Keywords = {,Cardiovascular,condition,blockage,medicinal herbs,treatment,Iran},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-396-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-396-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Tajik, Mahsh},  
title = {Effect of Different Drying Methods and Conditions on Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Colour Characteristics of Olea europaea L. Leaves}, 
abstract ={Objective: Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves are a valuable source of bioactive phytochemicals, particularly oleuropein, which is largely responsible for many of their therapeutic properties. They also contain abundant phenolic compounds that contribute substantially to their antioxidant capacity. Owing to their high moisture content, freshly harvested olive leaves must be dried before phenolic compounds can be efficiently extracted and utilised. This study aimed to determine the drying method that best preserves the physicochemical properties, phenolic constituents, antioxidant activity, and colour quality of olive leaves. Materials and Methods: Fresh olive leaves were subjected to three drying approaches. In the first treatment, samples were dried in a hot-air oven at three different temperatures. In the second, drying was performed using a fluidized-bed dryer under the same temperature conditions. The third approach involved combined drying techniques, including oven–microwave and fluidized-bed–microwave systems. The effects of drying method, drying temperature, and microwave power on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and colour characteristics were subsequently evaluated. Results: Microwave-assisted drying significantly improved the retention of phenolic compounds and enhanced DPPH radical-scavenging activity compared with conventional drying methods. However, increasing either the drying temperature or microwave power resulted in significant reductions in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Among all treatments, samples dried at 35°C retained the highest phenolic content and exhibited the greatest DPPH radical-scavenging activity, whereas those dried at 75°C showed the lowest values. Furthermore, microwave-assisted drying consistently preserved higher levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity than corresponding treatments without microwave application. Nevertheless, increasing microwave power from 360 W to 720 W caused a marked decline in both parameters. Conclusion: The reductions in phenolic content and antioxidant activity observed at elevated drying temperatures and higher microwave powers are most likely attributable to the thermal degradation of phenolic compounds during the drying process. Similarly, the greater deterioration in leaf colour under these conditions reflects the thermal sensitivity of olive leaf pigments to excessive heat and microwave energy. Overall, microwave-assisted drying at low temperatures appears to be the most effective approach for preserving the bioactive constituents, antioxidant properties, and colour quality of olive leaves.  },  
Keywords = {Olea europaea L.,olive leaves,drying methods,phenolic compounds,antioxidant activity},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-433-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-433-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Soleimani, Ghazal and Ghaznavi, Ais},  
title = {Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Applications in Dental Plaque Management: An Overview of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence}, 
abstract ={Objective: Dental plaque is a complex microbial biofilm recognized as a major etiological factor in the development of dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal diseases. Probiotics have recently gained attention as a promising preventive and therapeutic strategy due to their ability to modulate the oral microbiome, inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, and interfere with biofilm formation. This review aimed to identify and evaluate probiotic strains with potential applications in the prevention and management of dental plaque. Methods: In this narrative review, relevant studies published between 2010 and 2026 were retrieved from major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, SID, ISC, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies were selected based on their relevance to the preventive and therapeutic roles of probiotics in controlling dental plaque formation and maintaining oral microbial homeostasis. Results: The reviewed evidence suggests that probiotics may contribute to dental plaque management by reducing biofilm formation and limiting microbial colonization on tooth surfaces. Several probiotic strains, particularly those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have demonstrated the ability to inhibit oral pathogens and promote a more balanced microbial environment within the oral cavity. Clinical studies have reported improvements in plaque indices and gingival inflammatory parameters following probiotic supplementation in selected populations. However, the effectiveness of probiotics appears to depend on strain specificity, dosage, treatment duration, and formulation characteristics. Preclinical investigations have further elucidated potential mechanisms of action, including inhibition of bacterial adhesion, disruption of biofilm maturation, production of antimicrobial compounds, and competitive exclusion of pathogenic species. Nevertheless, substantial heterogeneity among studies has contributed to inconsistent findings regarding the overall efficacy of probiotics. Collectively, current evidence indicates that probiotics may represent a promising complementary approach for the prevention and control of dental plaque. Conclusion: By modulating the oral microbial ecosystem and suppressing pathogenic bacteria, probiotics may serve as an effective adjunctive strategy for preventing dental plaque accumulation and improving oral health outcomes. Considering the variability among probiotic strains and differences in clinical responses, further well-designed randomized clinical trials are warranted to determine optimal strains, dosages, treatment durations, and suitable probiotic formulations.  },  
Keywords = {,Oral cavity,Dental health,Oral diseases,Probiotics,Oral microbiota,Modern therapeutic approaches},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-435-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-435-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rostami, Leila and Naeini, Mehdi and Sadeghi, Ebrahim},  
title = {Effect of Inulin and Whey Protein Concentrate as Fat Replacer in Low-Fat Wheyless Cheese: Textural, Physicochemical, and Sensory Characteristics}, 
abstract ={Objective: Increasing concerns over saturated fat intake and related chronic diseases have driven the demand for reduced-fat dairy products. However, fat reduction in cheese often results in increased hardness, higher syneresis, and poorer sensory quality, necessitating the use of functional fat replacers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inulin and whey protein concentrate (WPC) as fat replacers in low-fat wheyless cheese and to optimize the formulation using response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: A Box-Behnken design was applied with inulin (0-5%), WPC (0-2%), and fat (5-15%) as independent variables. The responses measured included texture (hardness), syneresis, protein content, dry matter, and sensory attributes. Results: The results showed that inulin enhanced hardness and markedly decreased syneresis due to its gel-forming and water-binding capacity. WPC significantly increased protein content and contributed to improved water retention, although its effect on hardness and sensory attributes was not significant (P > 0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that formulations containing moderate inulin and adequate fat achieved high overall acceptability, particularly in mouth-feel and texture. Fat exerted the strongest effect on hardness, syneresis, and dry matter, significantly increasing matrix compactness and reducing whey separation. Dry matter ranged from 27.56% to 41.11%. The optimized formulation yielded a desirability value of 0.709, indicating a favorable balance between functional and sensory properties. Conclusion: The synergistic incorporation of inulin and WPC effectively compensates for fat reduction by improving water retention, protein content, and sensory acceptance, enabling the development of nutritionally enhanced, low-fat wheyless cheese with desirable functional properties.  },  
Keywords = {,Inulin,WPC,Fat replacer,Low-fat cheese,Optimization},
volume = {8},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-434-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-434-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}