@article{ 
author = {AlizadeAghdam, Hatef and Khosravi, Rahm},  
title = {Medicinal Plants with Analgesic Effects in Paediatric Surgery: From Traditional Evidence to Scientific Perspectives}, 
abstract ={Objective: The use of medicinal herbs, plant oils, and essential oils for postoperative pain relief has a longstanding history in traditional medicine, particularly in pediatric care, where ancient physicians frequently employed such remedies. Despite their widespread application, comprehensive and systematic scientific evaluations of their efficacy in children remain limited. Preliminary evidence from traditional texts alongside select modern studies suggests a potential role for these natural treatments in managing postoperative pain. This study aims to review classical Iranian traditional medicine sources and assess the current scientific evidence regarding herbal remedies effective in reducing surgical pain in children. Methodology: This review employed a qualitative approach, gathering information from authoritative traditional medical texts such as Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Zakhireh Kharazmshahi, Tuhfeh Hakim Mo’men, and Makhzan al-Advieh. Concurrently, scientific articles were systematically searched and analyzed using keywords including “pain,” “surgery,” “children,” and “medicinal plants” across indexed academic databases. Results: Analysis revealed a diverse range of medicinal plants traditionally utilized in Iranian medicine for alleviating postoperative pain in children. Notable herbs include Borago officinalis L., Curcuma longa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Matricaria chamomilla L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Mentha piperita L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Nigella sativa L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Salvia officinalis L., Rosa spp. L., Althaea officinalis L., Ricinus communis L., Olea europaea L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. These herbs were primarily administered as gels, oils, essential oils, or through aromatherapy. Conclusion: The findings suggest that certain herbs, particularly chamomile, lavender, marshmallow, aloe vera, and peppermint, demonstrate a favorable safety profile in pediatric populations and have garnered more attention for their analgesic effects after surgery. However, despite substantial traditional documentation and preliminary scientific support, a significant lack of rigorous clinical trials impedes their full scientific acceptance. Further experimental and clinical research is imperative to establish the efficacy and safety of these herbal interventions in pediatric surgical pain management.  },  
Keywords = {Post-operative pain, paediatrics, herbal medicine, aromatherapy, essential oils, Iranian traditional medicine},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {1-8}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.1},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nourolahi, Sajad and Ghiasi, Nasri},  
title = {Herbal Treatment of Infantile Bloating: A Review of the Most Effective Medicinal Plants for Infantile Gas Relief}, 
abstract ={Objective: Abdominal distension is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal disturbances in early infancy, characterized by persistent crying, restlessness, and abdominal discomfort. This condition often arises due to immature gastrointestinal function. In search of safe and natural remedies to alleviate these symptoms, traditional Iranian medicine alongside other complementary medical systems advocates the use of medicinal plants. The present study aims to review and introduce the key herbal remedies commonly employed in traditional medicine for reducing infantile colic. Methods: This review is based on a comprehensive survey and critical analysis of reputable printed and digital sources on Iranian traditional medicine, herbal pharmacopoeias, scientific articles, and electronic databases. The most significant medicinal plants demonstrated to ease abdominal distension were identified, examined, and systematically categorized. Results: According to classical texts and pharmacological references, herbal distillates derived from plants such as Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Thymus vulgaris L., Cuminum cyminum L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, Matricaria chamomilla L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Coriandrum sativum L., Melissa officinalis L., Pimpinella anisum L., Apium graveolens L., Rumex acetosa L., Anethum graveolens L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Mentha piperita L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Olea europaea L., Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Cocos nucifera L., Peganum harmala L. are commonly utilized in gentle stimulation of intestinal peristalsiss to soothe Bloating-related discomfort. Conclusion: The findings underscore the substantial potential of Iranian traditional medicine in managing infantile colic through the use of herbal preparations. When applied thoughtfully and scientifically, these botanicals offer a complementary, safe, cost-effective, and efficacious approach to symptom relief. Nonetheless, it is strongly advised that any oral or topical use of herbal products in infants be supervised by qualified healthcare professionals or traditional medicine practitioners to prevent possible adverse effects.  },  
Keywords = {,Infantile bloating,medicinal plants,herbal distillates,plant oils,traditional medicine,complementary therapy},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {9-18}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.2},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Etminani, Faegheh and Etminani, Adibeh and Fazeli-Nasab, Bahm},  
title = {Bioinformatic Study of the Antiviral Properties of Thyme and Eucalyptus Against the Coat Protein of Mimosa Yellow Vein Virus}, 
abstract ={Objective: The Geminiviridae family comprises significant plant pathogens causing severe economic losses worldwide. Among them, Begomovirus species, like Mimosa yellow leaf curl virus (MiYLCV), threaten crops and ornamental plants. Natural compounds, such as thyme and eucalyptus essential oils, may offer antiviral solutions. This study investigates the inhibitory potential of thyme and eucalyptus essential oils against MiYLCV coat protein using molecular docking, providing insights into eco-friendly antiviral strategies. Materials:  In this study, first, the three-dimensional structure of phytochemical compounds present in the two medicinal plants, Thymus vulgaris and Eucalyptus grandis, was obtained from the PubChem database. Next, the three-dimensional structure of the virus coat protein was optimized using the Swiss-MODEL online tool. The ability of the selected chemical compounds to inhibit the coat protein associated with pathogen virulence was explored using the molecular docking method using the specialized software autodock4.2.6. Results: Phylogenetic analysis of Mimosa yellow vein virus coat protein revealed close relationships between some Begomovirus sequences (e.g., NP_808548.1 and NP_803540.1), while others (YP_00358491.1, ADW83758.1) showed divergence. The 3D protein model exhibited stable Ramachandran plot angles. Among thyme compounds, β-Myrcene had the highest permeability (logP=2.89), while γ-Terpinene showed the highest solubility (logS=-3.45). In eucalyptus, Isoamyl isovalerate (logP=3.05) and alpha-Terpinene (logS=-3.30) exhibited extreme values. Molecular docking identified strong binding interactions: Endo-borneol (-4.75 kcal/mol), α-Terpineol (-4.96 kcal/mol), and Terpinen-4-ol (-4.78 kcal/mol) from thyme, and beta-Terpineol (-5.14 kcal/mol), trans-Carveol (-5.15 kcal/mol), and Carvotanacetone (-5.21 kcal/mol) from eucalyptus exhibited the highest affinity for the viral coat protein. These findings suggest potential antiviral activity against Mimosa yellow vein virus. Conclusion: The results revealed that the combination of a-Terpineol and Carvotanacetone act as the strongest binding molecules in thyme and eucalyptus plants, respectively. These compounds can be proposed as potent antagonists targeting the coat protein of Mimosa yellow vein virus, effectively impeding its function.  },  
Keywords = {a-Terpineol,Carvotanacetone,β-Myrcene,Virulence,geminiviruses},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {19-28}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.3},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Amini, Reihaneh and AliasghariVeshareh, Azam and Rabbanikhorasgani, Mohammad and Dehghan, Parvin and Roghanian, Rasoul},  
title = {Evaluation of the Antifungal Efficacy of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Human and Camel UrineAgainst Fluconazole-Resistant Candida spp.}, 
abstract ={Objective: The increasing prevalence of Candida infections and the emergence of resistance to chemical antifungal medicines, such as fluconazole, has prompted increased research into natural compounds with anti-Candida activity. Probiotics, in particular, are being investigated as promising alternatives due to their lower costs and reduced side effects compared to synthetic drugs. This study aimed to isolate Lactobacillus strains from human and camel urine and evaluate their antifungal activity against three Candida strains isolated from human vaginal samples. Materials and Methods: In this research, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from human and camel urine. Then, the anti-Candida effect of isolated Lactobacillus spp. and two commercial probiotic formulations, Lactofem and Femi capsules containing Lactobacillus spp. 109 and 1.65 × 109 CFU/mL, respectively, was assessed using the microtiter plate method for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Finally, the interaction of Lactobacillus and fluconazole against Candida was investigated using the checkerboard method. Results: Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus crispatus were isolated from human urine samples, and Lactobacillus brevis was isolated from camel urine. The MIC of Lactobacillus spp. against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei was 1.87 × 107 CFU/mL. Antifungal effects of Lactofem and Femi against three Candida spp. were 6.25 × 106 CFU/mL and 2.062 × 107 CFU/mL, respectively. Among the probiotics, Lactofem had the highest, and Femi had the lowest anti-Candida effect. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration results show the synergistic effect of the combination of 9.37 × 106 CFU/mL Lactobacillus and 4 μg/mL fluconazole. Conclusions: The finding of this study indicate that Lactobacillus spp. have potent antifungal activity against Candida infections and show synergistic effect when combined with fluconazole, suggesting their potential as an alternative or complementary therapeutic approach in antifungal therapy. Future research is recommended to focus on developing clinical formulations and validating efficacy through in vivo studies. may be recommended for their applications as an alternative or complementary therapeutic approach in pharmaceutical formulations.  },  
Keywords = {,Probiotic,Alternative medicine,Microtiter plate,Candidiasis,Fluconazole},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {29-39}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.5},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nasiri, Ali Akbar},  
title = {Anesthetic Herbs: A Review of the Most Important Anesthetic Medicinal Plants in Traditional Medicine}, 
abstract ={Objective: Anesthesia plays a vital role in therapeutic and surgical interventions and has held a significant place in traditional medicine as well. Due to their calming effects, greater safety profile, and widespread availability, herbal anesthetics have long attracted interest. Identifying medicinal plants with anesthetic properties in traditional medical texts may open new avenues for research in complementary medicine. This review aims to identify and introduce the most important medicinal plants historically employed for anesthetic purposes in Iranian traditional medicine. Methodology: To achieve this objective, a comprehensive search was conducted across reputable databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using keywords such as "medicinal plants," "anesthesia," and "Iranian traditional medicine." Results: The findings revealed that several plants such as Papaver rhoeas L., Papaver somniferum L., Melissa officinalis L., Valeriana officinalis L., Hyoscyamus niger L., Datura stramonium L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Tilia cordata Mill., Nicotiana tabacum L., Mentha piperita L., Ephedra sinica Stapf, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Allium sativum L., Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small, Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr., Salix aegyptiaca L., Passiflora incarnata L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Matricaria chamomilla L., Ocimum basilicum L., Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Piper methysticum G. Forst. have been recognized in traditional Iranian sources as possessing anesthetic properties. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that a diverse range of medicinal plants have historically been utilized for inducing anesthesia in Iranian traditional medicine. Further investigation into these plants, particularly regarding their mechanisms of action and active constituents, holds promise for the development of safer and more natural anesthetic agents.  },  
Keywords = {},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {40-48}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.6},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shamaei, Shabnam and GhaemiSadr, Hadis},  
title = {Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Tagetes Plant Extracts: Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity Assessment}, 
abstract ={Objective: The use of silver nanoparticles is increasing due to its unique properties. plant Tagets, a tall-based medicinal plant, is rich in bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer and antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the aqueous extract of Jafari flower on cervical cancer (Hella), breast cancer (MCF7), and lung cancer (A549) cell lines. Methods: The toxicity of silver nanoparticles was evaluated using the MTT assay, and the results were acceptable. The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed using UV-Vis, SEM, and XRD analyses. Results: The nanoparticles synthesized using the plant Tagets extract had a maximum absorption wavelength of 410 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The XRD and SEM patterns showed that the nanoparticles were mostly spherical in shape, with an average size in the nanometer range. The MTT results showed that the silver nanoparticles had dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects, significantly reducing cell viability. The IC50 values for the three cancer cell lines were 63.16, 40.19, and 63.39 µg/mL for MCF7, Hella, and A549, respectively, with the lowest IC50 value observed for cervical cancer. Conclusion: Medicinal plants can be used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Thus, silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects, which alter the morphology of bacterial membranes, increasing the permeability of silver nanoparticles, leading to uncontrolled penetration into cells, and ultimately causing cell death.  },  
Keywords = {,silver nanoparticle,cellular toxicity,cancer,antimicrobial,plant Tagets},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {49-56}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.175},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Vazifekhah, Shabnam and SoleimaniMamalo, Alirez},  
title = {A Review of the Most Important Medicinal Plants Effective in Gestational Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review of Their Mechanisms of Action}, 
abstract ={Objective: Gestational diabetes arises due to the body's inability to effectively regulate blood glucose levels, caused by hormonal changes and insulin resistance, and if left untreated, it jeopardizes the health of both the mother and the fetus. This condition is classified into two types: A1 (manageable through diet) and A2 (requiring medication or insulin). Genetic factors and excess weight can also contribute to its onset. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the most significant medicinal plants native to Iran that are effective in managing gestational diabetes and to explore their pharmacological mechanisms. Methodology: For this review, a search was conducted in reliable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, SID, and Google Scholar, as well as traditional Iranian medicine reference books, to gather articles related to medicinal plants effective against gestational diabetes. The medicinal plants related to gestational diabetes in traditional Iranian medicine were selected for this review. The objective of this study was to identify plants that can be used for managing gestational diabetes with minimal side effects. Results: In traditional Iranian medicine, several medicinal plants have been recommended for the management of gestational diabetes, including Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Myrtus communis L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Salvia officinalis L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Aloysia citrodora Paláu, Lippia citriodora Kunth, Cucurbita pepo L., Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Juglans regia L., Cuminum cyminum L., Vicia faba L., Olea europaea L., Thymus vulgaris L., Mentha piperita L., Cuminum cyminum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Solanum melongena L.. These plants have been used for controlling gestational diabetes in traditional Iranian medicine. Conclusion: Gestational diabetes, as a common condition during pregnancy, requires careful and effective management to prevent serious complications for both the mother and the fetus. In traditional Iranian medicine, many medicinal plants are recognized as adjunctive treatments for managing gestational diabetes. The use of these plants could serve as a natural and cost-effective strategy alongside standard medical treatments, particularly in cases of gestational diabetes. However, it is crucial that the consumption of these plants be supervised by a healthcare professional to avoid any potential side effects or drug interactions.  },  
Keywords = {},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {57-64}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.8},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {HooshmandGarehbagh, Laya and Shahsavari, Somayeh},  
title = {The Most Important Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Iranian Traditional Medicine: A Review}, 
abstract ={Objective: Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough hormones, leading to a reduction in metabolism and a slowing down of bodily functions. This condition is typically manageable with medication and is not usually a cause for major concern. The aim of this review study is to identify and report the most important medicinal plants effective in treating hypothyroidism in Iranian traditional medicine. Methodology: In this review, we used keywords such as medicinal plants, hypothyroidism, Iranian traditional medicine, and herbal treatments to search for relevant articles. Databases like Google Scholar, SID, MegaIran, PubMed, and Scopus were used to search and gather reputable scientific articles. Articles and resources related to ethnobotany were reviewed and analyzed for information in this field. Results: The medicinal plants most commonly used for treating hypothyroidism include Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Malus domestica Borkh., Cocos nucifera L., Lens culinaris Medik., Curcuma longa L., Thymus vulgaris L., Cucurbita pepo L., Helianthus annuus L., Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, Juglans regia L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Allium sativum L., Arctium lappa L., Urtica dioica L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Rubus idaeus L., Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., Salvia officinalis L., Aloysia citrodora Paláu. Conclusion: The use of medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of hypothyroidism highlights the potential of these plants to improve thyroid function and manage related symptoms. Further research and medical consultation are needed to effectively utilize Iran's native plant flora, so these plants can be used as adjunct therapies alongside standard treatments.  },  
Keywords = {Thyroid gland, Hormone, Hypothyroidism, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Iran},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {65-73}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.10},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-284-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-284-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {KaruppiahPillai, Manoharan and SibongalitsembaSimiselweyinkhosi, Ndzinisa and Thwala, Justice Mandlenkhosi},  
title = {Antioxidant Potential of Extracts from Grewia bicolor - A Traditional Swazi Medicinal Plant}, 
abstract ={Objective: Grewia bicolor, a plant from the Malvaceae family traditionally used in Swazi ethnomedicine, is reported to exhibit various therapeutic activities, which may be linked to its antioxidant potential. Although G. bicolor is widely used in ethnomedicine, the antioxidant potential of various extracts obtained from this plant has not been explored well, particularly the species collected in the Kingdom of Eswatini. It is this research gap prompted us to evaluate the antioxidant activity of this plant by determining IC50 values, total phenolic contents (TPCs) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs). Methods: Maceration technique was used first and then hot solvent extraction technique was used subsequently to obtain various solvent extracts from the leaves and stem-bark. DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant potential and determine the IC50 values. Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and aluminium chloride colorimetric method were used to determine the TPCs and TFCs, respectively. Results: The percentage of DPPH radical scavenged by various extracts from the leaves, stem-bark and the positive control (ascorbic acid) were determined at a concentration range of 200-3000 µg/mL. The pentane and ethyl acetate extracts from leaves showed relatively higher scavenging potential among the leaf extracts. Similarly, the dichloromethane and acetone extract from stem-bark showed relatively higher scavenging potential among the stem-bark extracts. In general, the stem-bark extracts showed slightly higher scavenging potential compared to leaf extracts. However, all extracts from the leaves and stem-bark showed relatively lower scavenging activity compared to the positive control. The IC50 values of leaves and stem-bark extracts were 457.78-2425.37µg/mL and 649.29-1869.62µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value of the positive control was <200 µg/mL. The acetone extracts from both leaves and stem-bark showed lower IC50 values compared to other extracts. The TPCs of leaves and stem-bark extracts were 0.850-9.728 and 0.813-12.259 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The TFCs of leaves and stem-bark extracts were 20.211-46.004 and 22.054-42.128 mg QE/g DW, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated various extracts from the leaves and stem-bark of G. bicolor showed a moderate to significant DPPH radical scavenging potential and possessed a moderate to significant TPCs and TFCs. In general, the TFCs of these extracts were relatively higher than TPCs. These findings support the ethnomedicinal use of G. bicolor and suggest its potential in developing antioxidant-based therapeutics.  },  
Keywords = {Grewia bicolor,Malvaceae,antioxidant activity,DPPH radical scavenging assay,IC50 values,total phenolic contents (TPCs)},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {74-88}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.11},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {H.Dawoud, Azza Dawoud and Abdalbagi, Mohamme},  
title = {Standardization of Medicinal Plants: Ensuring Quality, Safety, and Global Regulatory Compliance in Herbal Drug Development}, 
abstract ={Objective: Medicinal plants have long played a pivotal role in traditional and modern healthcare systems due to their therapeutic potential. However, significant variability in their chemical composition presents challenges for ensuring safety, efficacy, and quality in herbal pharmaceutical products. This review aims to emphasize the critical role of standardization in the pharmaceutical development of medicinal plants. Methodology: The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis of literature and regulatory documents to identify current practices, standardization techniques, and global frameworks. Results: Key findings highlight the importance of standardization across the entire lifecycle of herbal medicines from cultivation and harvesting to extraction, analysis, and final formulation. Various methods such as botanical authentication, physicochemical testing, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis, DNA barcoding, and biological assays are discussed. Additionally, the review outlines major challenges including phytochemical complexity, variability in raw materials, regulatory disparities, and limited access to advanced technologies in developing regions. It also discusses the need for harmonized global standards and integration of modern scientific tools like genomics and chemometrics. Conclusion: This review also outlines future directions for research and regulatory integration aimed at enhancing the consistency, safety, and global acceptance of herbal medicines. The major contribution of this paper is its comprehensive synthesis of standardization strategies, challenges, and regulatory considerations, offering a roadmap to bridge the gap between traditional herbal practices and modern pharmaceutical standards.    },  
Keywords = {Keywords: Phytotherapy,Phytochemical Analysis,Quality Control,Herbal Medicine,Standardization},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {89-102}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.12},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Behroozi-Lak, Tahereh},  
title = {A Review of the Most Important Medicinal Plants Effective for Male Infertility Based on the Teachings of Iranian Traditional Medicine}, 
abstract ={Objective: Male infertility is a significant global health concern influenced by various factors, including genetic disorders, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. Iranian traditional medicine, with its rich heritage, offers natural remedies particularly medicinal plants to address male infertility. Many of these plants are believed to enhance sperm quality, regulate hormones, and strengthen the male reproductive system. This review aims to examine key medicinal plants recommended in Iranian traditional medicine for treating male infertility. Methodology: This narrative review was conducted by consulting primary texts and credible sources in Iranian traditional medicine to identify medicinal plants traditionally used for male infertility. Results: The findings reveal a range of plants considered effective in traditional treatments of male infertility. These include Tribulus terrestris L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Juglans regia L., Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, Vitis vinifera L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Allium sativum L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Crocus sativus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Origanum majorana L., Daucus carota L., Rubus idaeus L., Prunus avium L., Trifolium pratense L., Vitex agnus-castus L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Vicia faba L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Apium graveolens L., Spinacia oleracea L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Urtica dioica L., Musa spp. L., Allium cepa L.. Each plant is noted for its potential role in improving reproductive health through various mechanisms. Conclusion: Medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine hold promise as complementary therapies alongside modern medical treatments for male infertility. However, further scientific research is essential to confirm their efficacy, safety, and to develop standardized therapeutic protocols.    },  
Keywords = {Male infertility, Medicinal plants, Iranian traditional medicine, Treatment, Herbs},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {103-110}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.13},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Saeidian, Shahriar and Khaliliaqdam, Nabi and SalimiBaneh, Sari},  
title = {The Effect of Temperature and Inhibitors Of Glycine and Cysteine on Cresolase Activity in Solanum lycopersicum  under Immature and Mature Conditions}, 
abstract ={Objective: Polyphenol oxidase is an enzyme involved in phenolic substrate hydroxylation (cresolase) and oxidation (catecholase), processes critical for enzymatic browning in stored fruits and vegetables. Its activity depends on the type of substrate. PPO also generates reactive oxygen species and quinones, which can diminish the nutritional quality of proteins Objective: The research focuses on analyzing cresolase activity of extracted from Solanum lycopersicum at immature and mature stages. The study evaluates optimal conditions such as pH, temperature, and substrate concentration, as well as glycine and cysteine as inhibitor. Methods: Tomatoes from Kurdistan, at immature and mature stages, were processed to obtain extracts. Cresolase was evaluated across pH levels. Protein concentrations were quantified via the Bradford method, and kinetic parameters were calculated using varying p-cresol concentrations. Inhibitory effects of glycine and cysteine were assessed, and catecholase thermal stability under immature conditions was tested at different temperatures. Nonlinear regression models, supported by SAS and GraphPad Prism software, were applied to analyze and optimize enzymatic activity trends. Results: The study identified pH 6.7 as optimal in both immature and mature samples. At 0.16 mM p-cresol concentration, Vmax was 0.15 units/mg protein, Km was 0.11 mM, and catalytic efficiency reached 1.37 units/mg protein/mM. Glycine exhibited stronger inhibition than cysteine, with IC50 values of 1.7 mM in mature and 0.4 mM in immature samples. Enzyme activity peaked at 45 minutes with inhibitors and 40 minutes without inhibitors. Glycine-treated samples exhibited slower declines in activity than cysteine-treated ones. Optimal performance was at 45°C without inhibitors and 40°C with inhibitors, while higher temperatures caused activity loss due to structural stress. Conclusion: Cresolase activity varies depending on pH, temperature, and inhibitors. Studies on kinetics and mathematical models can contribute to the development of strategies for controlling browning in food products and designing protective mechanisms for plants.  },  
Keywords = {Kinetics,Glycine,Cysteine,Cresolase,Solanum lycopersicum},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {111-131}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.173},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Fijan, Ameneh},  
title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective in Relieving Menstrual Pain Based on Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Eastern Iran}, 
abstract ={Objective: Menstrual pain, a common affliction among women, can significantly impact their daily activities. In this context, the use of medicinal plants as a natural and effective remedy for relieving such pain has been acknowledged in the western border region of Iran, serving as an alternative or complementary therapeutic approach. The aim of this study is to identify the medicinal plants employed in this region of Iran for the treatment of menstrual pain. Methodology: This review study employed keywords such as medicinal plants, Iran, menstrual pain, and the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, and their cities, along with ethnobotany terms. Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, MegaIran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized for article searches. Ethnobotanical articles related to the topic were selected for text review. Results: Based on the ethnobotanical review, it was identified that in the cities and provinces of the western border region of Iran, medicinal plants such as Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Anthriscus cerefolium L., Capsella bursa pastoris (L.), Nigella sativa L., Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen., Celtis australis L., Ruta graveolens L., Carthamus oxyacantha M.B., Myrtus communis L., Ulmus glabra Hudson., Pistacia atlantica, Mentha piperita Stokes., Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski, Orchis mascula Crantz, Achillea millefolium, Biebersteinia multifida, Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica, Orchis latifolia L., Avena sativa L., Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Achillea millefolium, Carthamus tinctorius, Crataegus pontica, Heracleum persicum L., Calendula officinalis L., Crocus abantensis, Thymus vulgaris L., Stachys lavandulifolia, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Rheum ribes L., Anthemis Susiana L., Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Marrubium astracanicum Jacp. are commonly used for managing, controlling, and treating menstrual pain. Notably, the highest diversity of plant species was observed in the regions of Behbahan, Khuzestan, and Zrewar, Kurdistan. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, and the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families presented the highest number of species, indicating the rich diversity of medicinal and traditional plant applications. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the local communities in the western border region of Iran possess extensive knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants for alleviating menstrual pain. Documenting and scientifically exploring this knowledge could lay the groundwork for the development of effective and natural herbal medicines in the domain of women’s health.},  
Keywords = {Women's health, Menstruation, Medicinal plants, Dysmenorrhea, Analgesic, Eastern Iran},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {132-138}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.15},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Patel, Vaibhavkumar and S.Acharya, Niyati},  
title = {In Vitro Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum}, 
abstract ={Objective: Urolithiasis is one of the oldest and most widespread urinary system diseases affecting millions globally. Herbal treatment is necessary to prevent and cure stone formation because of the high incidence and recurrence rate of stone formation, which is linked to significant discomfort and inflammation in the urinary system. Urolithiasis is treated with a variety of herbal preparations in India, which are renowned for their undeniable safety and effectiveness. In India, Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds are frequently used to treat kidney stones.  The present study evaluates in vitro effect of aqueous extract of M. uniflorum (AEMU) on calcium oxalate crystallization. Methods: Different concentrations of an AEMU (250–1500 µg/mL) were tested for in vitro activity. The outcomes were contrasted with those of a common herbal product that is sold on the market, Cystone. A fixed concentration of calcium chloride was incubated with different concentrations of sodium oxalate (2–10 mmol/mL) for nucleation and (2–3.5 mmol/mL) for crystal growth in order to perform the nucleation and crystal growth assay and assess the inhibitory effect of AEMU at various oxalate concentration levels. Assays for the aggregation and dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals were conducted and the results compared to the standard effects. Every step was carried out three times, and the analysis was done in Microsoft Excel to determine the percentage inhibition and dissolution in comparison to a standard control Cystone. Results: When tested at various sodium oxalate concentrations, the results demonstrated that AEMU possesses exceptional calcium oxalate crystallization inhibitory activity in nucleation rate, crystal development, crystal aggregation and increased crystal dissolution. Compared to the herbal medication Cystone, a greater effect was seen in the dose-dependent manner in AEMU. Conclusion: These in vitro results offer convincing proof of AEMU's potent crystallization inhibition and crystal dissolving capabilities.  },  
Keywords = {Macrotyloma uniflorum,Renal stone,calcium oxalate crystals},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {140-149}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.14},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Asghari, Rahim and Mohammadi, Somayeh},  
title = {Anti-Influenza Medicinal Plants: A Phytotherapeutic Review of Mechanisms and Efficacy}, 
abstract ={Objective: Influenza is a common viral illness that primarily affects the respiratory system, often presenting with symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches. Due to the limitations of conventional treatments and their potential side effects, phytotherapy or the use of medicinal plants has gained increasing attention as a complementary approach to managing the disease. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants used for treating influenza, analyzing their mechanisms of action in light of both traditional medicine and contemporary scientific evidence. Methodology: In this narrative review, relevant keywords such as “influenza,” “traditional medicine,” “medicinal plants,” and “treatment” were searched across several academic databases, including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and Scopus. Irrelevant studies were excluded, and those deemed relevant were selected for further analysis. Results: According to the findings, a variety of medicinal plants have been traditionally used in the treatment of influenza and cold-like symptoms in children. These include Curcuma longa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Salvia officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Allium sativum L., Piper nigrum L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Hypericum perforatum L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Echinacea angustifolia DC., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Thymus vulgaris L., Urtica dioica L., Sideritis scardica Griseb., Tribulus terrestris L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Crocus sativus L., Melissa officinalis L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., and Origanum vulgare L.. Among these, the Lamiaceae family accounts for the highest proportion (26.1%), followed by Asteraceae (17.4%) and Zingiberaceae (8.7%). Collectively, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae represent over 43% of all cited species, suggesting a traditional emphasis on these botanical families for their anti-influenza properties. In terms of therapeutic attributes, antiviral effects were most frequently reported (39.1%), followed by immune-boosting properties (34.8%), with anti-inflammatory and symptom-relieving effects each cited in 26.1% of the sources. Additional effects such as antimicrobial, respiratory symptom relief, and mild sedative action were also noted, albeit with lower frequencies. Overall, the focus of these plant-based interventions lies primarily in their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties, with secondary benefits supporting symptom management. Conclusion: This review underscores the potential role of various medicinal plants in the complementary management of influenza. Given the prevalence and symptomatic burden of the illness, phytotherapy may serve as a safe and effective adjunct to conventional treatments, particularly in high-risk populations such as children. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are warranted to confirm the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of these plant-based remedies in human populations.  },  
Keywords = {Infection, Virus, Influenza, Medicinal Plants, Treatment},
volume = {7},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {151-157}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.4},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2025}  
}