@article{ 
author = {Khosravi, Rahman and AlizadeAghdam, Hatef},  
title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective in the Treatment of Umbilical Hernia in Children Based on Traditional and Herbal Medicine Sources of Iran}, 
abstract ={Objective: Umbilical hernia is a common condition in neonates and children, caused by incomplete closure of the umbilical ring after birth. Although most cases resolve spontaneously by age two, some persist and require surgical repair. Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), with its extensive botanical heritage and temperament-based principles, offers strategies to strengthen the abdominal wall and relieve symptoms. These approaches may serve as complementary, low-risk options before surgery is considered. Methods: This review was based on authoritative TIM sources, including Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Seyyed Esmaeil Jorjani’s Zakhireh Kharazmshahi, Tohfeh Hakim Momen, Makhzan al-Adwiah, and other classical and digital texts. Keywords such as “hernia,” “umbilicus,” “medicinal plants,” and “topical treatment” were used to retrieve relevant data. Results: The review identified several plants recommended for umbilical hernia management and abdominal muscle strengthening, used topically or orally. These include Matricaria chamomilla L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Piper nigrum L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Malus domestica Borkh., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Ricinus communis L., Daucus carota L., Spinacia oleracea L., Allium cepa L., Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, Brassica oleracea L. var. italica, Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr., Pimpinella anisum L., Myrtus communis L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Cicer arietinum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Coriandrum sativum L., Olea europaea L., and Cynara scolymus L. Conclusion: TIM sources suggest that plants with astringent, anti-inflammatory, and muscle-toning properties may enhance local circulation, reduce bloating, and strengthen abdominal structures. Such remedies could be considered as complementary options prior to surgery. Given the limited empirical and clinical evidence, further studies are needed to standardize formulations and evaluate their safety and efficacy.  },  
Keywords = {Umbilical hernia, Children, Traditional Persian Medicine, Medicinal plants, Topical treatment, Surgery},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.3},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nasiri, Ali Akbar},  
title = {Herbal and Headache: A Review of Principal Medicinal Plants Utilized in Headache Management}, 
abstract ={Objective: Headache is one of the most common somatic complaints, often triggered by factors such as stress, fatigue, dehydration, or neurological disturbances. Its manifestations vary in type and intensity and frequently impair quality of life. Treatment depends largely on identifying the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle modifications in combination with pharmacological interventions. However, recurrent use of synthetic analgesics can lead to complications such as gastrointestinal irritation, hepatic damage, and drug dependence. Caution is therefore warranted, and medical supervision is recommended when using such medications. In this context, the present review highlights the principal medicinal plants employed in Iranian traditional medicine for headache management. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the keywords “medicinal plants,” “headache,” “traditional medicine,” and “Iran” across major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Results: The review identified a wide range of herbs traditionally used in Iranian medicine for headache relief. These include peppermint, valerian, lavender, coriander, German chamomile, sage, licorice, vervain, black tea, ginger, violet, green tea, Syrian rue, basil, thyme, cinnamon, rosemary, lemon balm, St. John’s wort, black pepper, willow, passionflower, orange blossom, borage, oregano, saffron, fennel, Damask rose, marshmallow, hyssop, and walnut. Conclusion: Iranian traditional medicine provides a rich pharmacopeia of medicinal plants that represent effective and generally well-tolerated alternatives to synthetic treatments for headache. These remedies offer a natural therapeutic option with fewer side effects. Nevertheless, further clinical research is required to validate their efficacy and facilitate their integration into evidence-based medical practice.},  
Keywords = {Brain, Head, Headache, Treatment, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Iran},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.4},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shamsa, Nasim and Saki, Koroush},  
title = {Medicinal Plants as Analgesics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Benefits, Adverse Effects, and Mechanisms of Action}, 
abstract ={Objective: Pain is among the most common symptoms encountered across a wide spectrum of diseases and has a profound impact on individuals' daily lives. The use of medicinal plants for pain relief is deeply rooted in traditional medical systems worldwide and has, in recent decades, gained renewed scientific interest as a natural and potentially safer approach to pain management. Owing to their bioactive constituents, these plants offer promising alternatives or adjuncts to conventional pharmacological treatments. The aim of this review is to examine and highlight the most significant native Iranian medicinal plants with documented analgesic properties, drawing from both classical traditional sources and recent scientific studies. Methods: This narrative review was conducted using the keywords "medicinal plants," "pain," "analgesic," and "Iranian traditional medicine." Data were gathered from reputable scientific databases including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus, alongside classical texts in traditional Persian medicine. Findings: A wide array of medicinal plants with analgesic effects were identified, notably Mentha piperita (peppermint), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Matricaria parthenium (feverfew), Valeriana officinalis (valerian), Salvia officinalis (sage), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Capsicum annuum (chili pepper), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Boswellia serrata (frankincense), Rosa damascena (rose), Eucalyptus globulus, Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Nigella sativa, Salix alba (white willow), Harpagophytum procumbens (devil’s claw), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Aloe vera, and Camellia sinensis (green tea), all of which have been traditionally and increasingly used for pain control. Conclusion: Medicinal plants hold a distinct and respected place in Iranian traditional medicine for their pain-relieving properties. Their mechanisms often include anti-inflammatory effects and modulation of the nervous system to promote calm and reduce discomfort. Given the well-known adverse effects of synthetic drugs, herbal alternatives offer a potentially safer and effective route for complementary and integrative pain therapies. Future research should focus on the isolation of active compounds, rigorous safety profiling, and the standardization of herbal formulations to better harness the clinical potential of these traditional remedies in modern medicine.  },  
Keywords = {Pain, Herbal Analgesics, Phytotherapy, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Iran},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.5},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ghazizadeh, Farid and Noroozi, Mehr},  
title = {Herbal plants for Childhood Anemia and Their Mechanisms of Action: A Review Study}, 
abstract ={Objective: Anemia is a common issue among children, which can have adverse effects on their growth and development. This condition is usually caused by iron deficiency or other essential nutrients in the body. Early identification and timely treatment of anemia in children are crucial to prevent more serious complications. The aim of the present review study is to identify the most important medicinal plants and edible fruits used in traditional Iranian medicine for the treatment of childhood anemia. Methods: This study is a review of medicinal plants that are effective in treating anemia in children, as found in traditional Iranian medicine. To gather relevant resources, searches were conducted in credible scientific databases such as Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, SID, and Google Scholar using the keywords "medicinal plants", "anemia", "children", "herbal medicine", and "traditional medicine". Inclusion criteria for the articles included those written in Persian or English, original articles, and books on traditional medicine and herbal medicine. Exclusion criteria involved articles lacking sufficient data for scientific evaluation, duplicate articles, irrelevant articles, and articles written in languages other than Persian or English. Results: Based on the findings, various medicinal plants and edible fruits such as sorrel, nettle, wild marigold, banana, pomegranate, sesame, tomato, alfalfa, parsley, burdock, raisins, alfalfa, parsley, wormwood, bell pepper, strawberries, spinach, dates, fenugreek, and lemon are used to treat childhood anemia. Conclusion: Studies indicate that the use of medicinal plants can serve as an effective supplement in treating childhood anemia. These plants help improve iron absorption and strengthen the immune system, contributing to the improvement of anemia in children.},  
Keywords = {Anemia, Children, Disease, Treatment, Medicinal Plants},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.2},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ravanshad, Ali and KumarMandal, Sudip},  
title = {Medicinal Plants Effective Against Monkeypox: A Concise Review Focusing on Mechanisms of Action}, 
abstract ={Objective: Monkeypox (MPX) is a rare viral disease that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In the absence of a definitive treatment, medicinal plants have been explored as complementary options for symptom management and immune enhancement. This study aims to investigate medicinal plants in India with potential antiviral effects against MPX, focusing on their active constituents and mechanisms of action. Methods: Relevant literature was retrieved from reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using carefully selected keywords. Studies reporting antiviral activity of medicinal plants against MPX were reviewed and synthesized. Results: Several medicinal plants with documented effects against MPX were identified. These include Allium sativum L., Adansonia digitata L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Pior, Carica papaya L., Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr., Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Ficus platyphylla Delile, Lawsonia inermis L., Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell, Moringa oleifera Lam., Olea europaea L., Sterculia setigera Delile, Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand, Cassia singueana Delile, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, and Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC.. The active phytochemicals in these plants appear to contribute to viral load reduction and overall health improvement by inhibiting viral entry and attenuating viral activity. Conclusion: The findings underscore the therapeutic promise of these medicinal plants as complementary interventions for MPX. Their bioactive compounds may offer valuable support in alleviating symptoms and strengthening immune defenses. Continued exploration of such plant-based resources could inform the development of adjunctive strategies for managing viral diseases more broadly.},  
Keywords = {Medicinal Plants, Monkeypox,  Mechanisms of Action},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.6},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-316-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-316-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nosrati, Fatemeh and Fakheri, Barat Ali and Ghaznavi, Habib and Mahdinezhad, Nafiseh and Sheervalilou, Roghayeh and Fazeli-Nasab, Bahm},  
title = {Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Bioactive Silver Nanoparticles Using Astragalus fasciculifolius Extracts: Regional Phytochemical Variation and Biomedical Potential}, 
abstract ={Objective: Green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy in material science and nanotechnology. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized through a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient process. Bioreduction was carried out at room temperature using aqueous root and gum extracts of Anzaroot (Astragalus fasciculifolius Bioss). Methods: Roots and gum of A. fasciculifolius were collected from six locations in Sistan–Baluchestan Province (Table 1). Aqueous extracts (10 g/100 mL) were prepared and analyzed for total phenolics (Folin–Ciocalteu), flavonoids (AlCl₃), and carbohydrates (phenol–sulfuric acid). AgNPs were biosynthesized using 1, 3, and 5 mM AgNO₃ solutions, with 1 mM identified as optimal. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, TEM, and XRD. Antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) and antimicrobial activity (MIC/MBC) were assessed against four bacterial strains. GC–MS (Agilent 7890A) was performed using an HP-5 MS column. Results: GC–MS analysis revealed pronounced regional differences in gum composition: Khash samples were rich in aliphatic hydrocarbons, Sarava samples contained pharmaceutical-like compounds (pilocarpine, gabapentin derivatives), and Sarbaz gum showed unique nitrogenous constituents (17.52% urea derivatives), suggesting environmental adaptation. ANOVA indicated significant location-dependent differences (p<0.01) in phenolic content (mean 32.41 mg GAE/g), with Poshtkuh showing the highest accumulation (42.61 mg GAE/g). Flavonoids ranged from 0–2.0 mg QE/g, while carbohydrate levels (mean 366.93 mg GE/g) displayed habitat-specific variation (p<0.01). Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited surface plasmon resonance at 400–500 nm and crystalline peaks at 38°, 43°, 64°, and 77.3° (XRD). TEM confirmed spherical AgNPs (5–50 nm), with gum-derived nanoparticles (23.29 nm) demonstrating superior DPPH scavenging (98.40% at 500 μg/mL) compared with root-derived AgNPs (81.41%). Antimicrobial assays (400 μg/mL) showed enhanced Gram-negative inhibition (MIC 3.12–50 μg/mL), whereas crude extracts were more active against Gram-positive strains. Conclusion: This study highlights the diverse phytochemistry, regional variability, and bioactivity of A. fasciculifolius gum, underscoring its potential applications in antimicrobial, antioxidant, and nanomedicine research. The biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated potent antioxidant and Gram-selective antibacterial properties. Further studies should investigate environmental drivers of metabolite production, elucidate pharmacological mechanisms, and develop scalable AgNP synthesis for therapeutic use.},  
Keywords = {Anzaroot (Astragalus fasciculifolius Bioss),Bacillus cereus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.7},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rakhshan, Kazem and Marzban, Abdolrazagh and Haghighatian, Zahra and Raisi, Abbas and Zarei, Leila and Roshani, Asadollah},  
title = {Evaluation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Acetylsalicylate on the Wound Healing Process in Male Rats}, 
abstract ={Objective: Wound healing is a vital physiological process that maintains the skin’s barrier function and prevents infection. The emergence of nanotechnology, particularly metallic nanoparticles, has introduced new strategies to enhance and accelerate wound repair. Among these, zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with acetylsalicylate have attracted attention due to their combined antibacterial and regenerative properties, positioning them as a promising therapeutic option in wound management. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles on wound healing in male rats, with an emphasis on histopathological outcomes. Methods: Wound repair involves a complex interplay of cellular and biochemical events leading to the restoration of tissue integrity. Forty-eight healthy male Wistar rats of uniform weight were randomly assigned to four groups (n=12 each) after standardized wound induction: Group I (control, no treatment), Group II (treated with standard phenytoin ointment), Group III (treated with base ointment), and Group IV (treated with acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles). Treatments were applied once daily for seven consecutive days. Histopathological assessments were conducted on days 7, 14, and 21 post-wounding. Results: Group IV demonstrated significantly improved histopathological indices and accelerated wound healing compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). The findings indicate that acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles possess potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue-regenerative effects that substantially enhance wound repair in this animal model. Notably, epidermal and dermal regeneration across different healing phases was markedly improved, underscoring the efficacy of this nanocomposite. Conclusion: Acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles may serve as a novel and effective therapeutic modality for wound management, particularly in infected wounds. Nevertheless, additional preclinical studies and clinical trials are required to confirm these effects and support their translation to human clinical applications.  },  
Keywords = {Wound healing, Wound, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Acetylsalicylate, Rat},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.10},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-326-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-326-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {saeidian, shahriar and zarei, zhil},  
title = {Kinetic Analysis of Guaiacol Peroxidase in Solanum lycopersicum under Immature and Post-Harvest Conditions in the Presence of Potential Amino Acid Inhibitors}, 
abstract ={Objective: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a climacteric fruit, is highly susceptible to oxidative degradation during ripening and postharvest storage, which compromises shelf life and visual quality. Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), a key enzyme in oxidative processes, catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds, contributing to enzymatic browning. This study aimed to characterize the kinetic properties and inhibition patterns of GPX across three physiological stages immature, ripe, and stored and to evaluate the modulatory effects of two natural amino acids, glycine and cysteine. Methods: GPX activity was quantified using spectrophotometric assays. Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) were determined via Michaelis–Menten and Lineweaver Burk analyses. Enzyme activity was assessed under varying substrate (guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide) concentrations and pH conditions to establish optimal catalytic parameters. Results: GPX activity was optimal at pH 6.5, with a consistent Km of 5 mM across all physiological stages. Vmax values increased progressively during ripening and storage (0.019, 0.027, and 0.033 µmol/min, respectively). Substrate inhibition occurred at guaiacol concentrations above 10 mM, with maximal activity observed at 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (100 µL). Both cysteine and glycine inhibited GPX, with cysteine showing greater potency across all stages, as reflected by lower IC50 values: 0.8 vs. 1.0 mM (immature), 0.9 vs. 1.3 mM (ripe), and 1.2 vs. 1.5 mM (stored). Lineweaver–Burk analysis indicated non-competitive inhibition in immature fruit, shifting to competitive inhibition in ripe and stored stages, suggesting developmental changes in enzyme structure or isoform composition. Conclusion: GPX activity in tomato is developmentally regulated and can be effectively suppressed by natural amino acids, particularly cysteine. These findings provide promising bio-based strategies to reduce enzymatic browning and enhance oxidative stability during postharvest handling of tomatoes.  },  
Keywords = {,Antioxidant,Free Radical,Inhibitor,Peroxidase,Glycine,Tomato},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.9},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {JAlkhatib, Ahed and Abdi, Farnoush},  
title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Therapists for Headache Treatment in the Tafila Region, Jordan}, 
abstract ={Objective: Indigenous knowledge is taken as one of the important knowledge types about medicinal plants. This knowledge has a wide scope with various aspects, including the ethnobotany of medicinal plants. Ethnobotany refers to the human knowledge about botany and the ecology of plants. Methods: In this ethnobotanical study, the Tafila region in Jordan was studied. The data were collected using the questionnaire and interview method. The data about time, local name, therapeutic properties, traditional use method, and therapeutic organ utilized for the studied plants were recorded using questionnaire (50 respondents). Results: The obtained results indicated that medicinal plants, including Unica granatum L., Quercus coccifera L., Salvia fruticosa Mill, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Sarcopoterium spinosum, Thymus vulgaris L., Achillea fragrantissima, Ocimum basilicum L., Anchusa strigosa, Aloe Vera (L.), Nigella sativa L., Varthemia iphionoides, Coriandrum sativum L., Olea europaea L., and Teucrium polium L., are used to treat headache. The family Laminaceae was the most frequently used plant family. The leaf was the most frequently used plant organ (28%) for treating headache in this region. Decoction (41%) and infusion (35%) were the most widely used traditional methods for headache treatment in the Tafila region. The qualitative results showed that the medicinal plants Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk) Sch. Bip., Unica granatum L., and Salvia fruticosa Mill are among the most important effective plants against headache due to their higher UR, RCF, and PFU coefficients. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that the indigenous knowledge contains valuable therapeutic information relating to therapeutic properties of medicinal species. By identifying these ideas, steps can be taken toward production of plant-produced medicines.  },  
Keywords = {Therapeutic plants, Ethnobotany, Tafila region, Jordan},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.11},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Qadeer, Kinza and Shah, Naseer Ali and Ahmed, Haroon and Kamran, Muhamm},  
title = {A Systematic Review on Molluscicidal Activity of Plants Worldwide Against Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosomes}, 
abstract ={Objective: Schistosomiasis affects more than 230 million people worldwide each year. Aquatic snails, which serve as the intermediate hosts, play a key role in transmitting the disease. The present systematic review compiles data on the molluscicidal activity of plants and their phytochemicals to help minimize the incidence of schistosomiasis. Methodology: Online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2022. In total, 290 articles were identified, of which 193 were included; studies involving snail species not associated with schistosomiasis were excluded. Data such as snail species, plant species and family name, plant parts used, assessment type, and phytoconstituents were analyzed. Results: This review identified 279 plant species with molluscicidal activity, most belonging to the families Euphorbiaceae (9.31%), Solanaceae (7.16%), Asteraceae (6.09%), Leguminosae (5.73%), and Lamiaceae (4.3%). The most frequently used plant parts were leaves (48.74%), followed by seeds (12.9%), fruits (15.05%), roots (14.69%), stems (12.54%), and bark (10%). Conclusion: Moreover, the review highlights the major plant phytochemicals and mechanisms of molluscicidal activity. Plants and their phytochemicals are promising resources for controlling snail species associated with schistosomiasis. Future studies should focus on identifying and isolating active phytochemicals and clarifying their mechanisms of molluscicidal action.},  
Keywords = {snail,schistosomiasis,mortality,molluscicide,phytochemical},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.13},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Soltanbeigi, Emir and Lysiuk, Rom},  
title = {A Concise Review on Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Potential to Enhance the Pharmacological Profile of Medicinal Plants via Secondary Metabolite Production}, 
abstract ={Objective: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a component of the solar electromagnetic spectrum, functions both as an environmental stressor and a biological stimulus. Medicinal plants exposed to UV particularly UV-B and UV-C wavelengths often show enhanced synthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids. These metabolites are well recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. This review aims to examine the effects of different UV wavelengths and doses on the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. Methodology: A comprehensive literature survey from 2000 to 2025 was conducted, covering diverse plant species and genotypes exposed to UVA, UVB, or UVC radiation, alone or in combination with environmental factors such as drought stress or hormonal treatments. Key parameters analyzed included growth characteristics, photosynthetic activity, phenolic and antioxidant content, and alkaloid production. Results: Controlled UV exposure was found to significantly enhance secondary metabolite accumulation, increase antioxidant activity, and improve the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants. In contrast, excessive UV exposure could impair growth and induce cellular damage. The combination of UV with hormonal treatments or salicylic acid frequently upregulated gene expression in metabolic pathways associated with bioactive compound synthesis. The intensity, duration, and wavelength of UV radiation were critical determinants of chemical composition and biological activity. Conclusion: Appropriately timed and dosed UV radiation represents a promising strategy to augment secondary metabolite production and enhance the therapeutic value of medicinal plants. These findings have important implications for optimizing cultivation practices and developing effective plant-based pharmaceuticals.},  
Keywords = {Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, medicinal plants, secondary metabolites, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, alkaloids},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.14},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Isah, Mustapha and Namadi, Shafiu Abdullahi and Jumare, Fatimah Ibrahim},  
title = {Evaluating Antagonistic Inhibitory Effect of Some Antibiotic–Silver Nanoparticle Combinations}, 
abstract ={Background: This study reports on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized AgNPs were comprehensively characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential (ZP) analysis. Method: AgNPs was synthesized through green approach using M. oleifera leaves extract as the source of reducing and stabilizing agent followed by its combination with some selected antibiotics and assess their inhibition modes. Objective: To determine the antibacterial mode of inhibition of AgNPs upon combination with antibiotics. Result: The characterization confirmed the formation of uniformly distributed, spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of ~20 nm and a negative surface charge of –27.1 mV, indicating a high colloidal stability. To investigate their biomedical relevance, AgNPs were combined with conventional antibiotics via an imbibition method and tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) using the Disc diffusion test (DDT).  Conclusion: The results showed different antibacterial responses, with certain AgNPs–antibiotic combinations exhibiting synergistic enhancement of inhibition zones, while others showed antagonistic interactions. These results highlight the potential of M. oleifera-mediated AgNPs as an environmentally friendly nanomaterial to enhance antibiotic activity but also emphasize the need for critical evaluation of nanoparticle–drug interactions prior to clinical application.  },  
Keywords = {,Moringa oleifera,silver nanoparticles,antibiotic,antagonistic,antibacterial effect},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.12},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ahmadi, Hamid and Khaksarian, Mojtab},  
title = {Medicinal Plants with Efficacy in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Mechanistic Insights}, 
abstract ={Objective: From the perspective of traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) arises from an imbalance in bodily temperament and a weakening of cerebral and nervous faculties. This imbalance manifests as impaired concentration, heightened irritability, and impulsive hyperactivity. While conventional treatments provide symptomatic relief, their adverse effects in many patients underscore the need for complementary strategies. Medicinal plants aimed at restoring temperament balance and modulating neurological function have emerged as promising alternatives. This review seeks to identify key botanicals that alleviate ADHD symptoms and to explore their mechanisms of action. Methods: This systematic review draws on classical TIM texts alongside contemporary scientific literature retrieved from Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus. Keywords related to ADHD and herbal medicine guided a comprehensive search and analysis. Results: Evidence highlights several plants with notable efficacy, including Melissa officinalis L., Valeriana officinalis L., Crocus sativus L., Passiflora incarnata L., Mentha spicata L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Vaccinium corymbosum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Ocimum basilicum L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Curcuma longa L., Boswellia serrata Roxb., Mentha piperita L., Pinus spp., Plantago major L., Linum usitatissimum L., Avena sativa L., Tulipa spp., and Hypericum perforatum L. These botanicals exert beneficial effects by calming the nervous system, enhancing cognitive function, regulating internal temperament (particularly heat and moisture balance), and modulating central nervous system activity. According to TIM principles, these actions restore humoral equilibrium and vital forces, forming a basis for cognitive and behavioral improvement. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that the judicious use of TIM-based medicinal plants may serve as a complementary approach for managing ADHD. However, defining optimal dosing, verifying efficacy, and ensuring safety require well-designed, large-scale, controlled clinical trials. Integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary neuroscience and pharmacology offers promising avenues for safe, natural, and effective ADHD therapies  },  
Keywords = {,Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Traditional Iranian Medicine,Medicinal Plants,Temperament Modulation,Complementary Therapy},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abubakar, Farida and Muhammad, Shamsudeen and Isah, Musa and Muhammad, Amina and AlmustaphaAliero, Adamu and Riskuwa, Sadiq},  
title = {Antifungal Activity of Mitracarpus hirtus Leaf Extract against Dermatophytes Isolated from Ringworm Patients}, 
abstract ={Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus against dermatophytes isolated from patients with clinically diagnosed ringworm. Methods: Fresh M. hirtus leaves were collected, extracted in water, and subjected to phytochemical screening. Dermatophytes were isolated from skin scrapings of patients in Birnin Kebbi and identified using morphological and microscopic techniques. The antifungal activity of the extracts was assessed in vitro using the agar well diffusion method at concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 100 mg/mL. Ketoconazole (5 mg/mL) was used as a positive control. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and cyanogenic glycosides, while glycosides and volatile oils were absent. A total of 34 dermatophyte isolates were recovered, with Trichophyton mentagrophyte (29.4%) being the most prevalent, followed by T. beigelii, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum, and T. rubrum. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent antifungal effect, with inhibition zones ranging from 12 mm at 20 mg/mL to 26 mm at 100 mg/mL. The highest activity was observed against T. rubrum and M. canis, while E. floccosum showed the least susceptibility. Conclusion: M. hirtus aqueous leaf extract demonstrates significant antifungal activity against common dermatophytes, supporting its ethno medicinal use. The findings highlight its potential as a natural source for antifungal drug development. Further studies focusing on the isolation of active compounds, elucidation of mechanisms of action, and clinical validation are recommended to develop standardized, plant-based antifungal therapies.  },  
Keywords = {,Mitracarpus hirtus,Antifungal activity,Dermatophytes,Phytochemical screening,Ringworm infections},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},

doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.8},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Owolabi, Tunde and AAyinde, Buniyami},  
title = {Pharmacognostic Profiling and Standardisation of Praxelis clematidea (Griseb): Morphological, Physicochemical, and Phytochemical Insights}, 
abstract ={Objective: P. clematidea, a member of the Asteraceae family, is gaining medicinal interest yet remains underexplored in terms of its pharmacognostic features. The absence of standardised pharmacognostic data for P. clematidea significantly limits its therapeutic potential and broader acceptance. Its phytochemical composition, which is notably diverse and subject to variation across different regions, revealed the pressing need for a comprehensive pharmacognostic framework. The current study is, to our knowledge, the first to present foundational data essential for the standardization of P. clematidea. These data will support the development of reliable herbal preparations and guide future pharmacological research, while also facilitating differentiation from other morphologically similar species within the Asteraceae family. Methods: Macroscopical and microscopic analyses were performed to characterize tissues and cell inclusions. Quantitative microscopy determined leaf constants. Physicochemical parameters, including ash values, extractive values, and moisture content, were analyzed. Phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to detect secondary metabolites. Acute toxicity studies were conducted in animal models to determine LD₅₀. Results: The plant exhibited unique morphological features, with specific anatomical characters. Quantitative microscopy recorded vein islet (20 ± 1.45), vein termination (52 ± 5.27), and stomatal indices of 20 ± 1.25 (upper) and 18 ± 0.94 (lower). Physicochemical values were total ash (12.667 ± 0.219%), loss on drying (7.433 ± 0.636%), water-soluble extractive (8.967 ± 0.393%), and alcohol-soluble extractive (15.733 ± 0.561%). Phytochemical tests detected flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids with five TLC spots. Acute toxicity studies indicated moderate toxicity (LD₅₀ = 565.69 mg/kg). Conclusion: This study establishes standardised diagnostic parameters for P. clematidea, ensuring accurate identification and reliable quality control. The characterized bioactive constituents show its medicinal relevance, while toxicity evaluation indicates preliminary safety for therapeutic use. The findings support its inclusion in pharmacopoeial monographs and its safe application in herbal medicine.},  
Keywords = {Praxelis clematidea,Phytochemistry,Standardization,Quality Control,Microscopy,Thin Layer Chromatography},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Lelyukh, Maryan and Chaban, Ihor and Lysiuk, Roman and Savchenko, Arkadii and Yelahina, Nataliia and Martyniuk, Daria and Komarytsya, Olexandra and Chaban, Taras},  
title = {Synthesis and In Vitro Antitrypanosomal Evaluation of 2-Hydrazino-4-Thiazolidinones Containing 6-Phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole Moiety}, 
abstract ={Objective: A convenient and efficient method for constructing the 4-thiazolidinone ring is the [2+3]-cyclocondensation reaction of S,N-binucleophiles with various equivalents of the dielectrophilic synthon [C2]²⁺. In this study, intermediate N1-methylidenethiosemicarbazones (3a–b) were synthesized from 2-amino/allylsulfanyl-5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (1–b) via Vilsmeier–Haack formylation, followed by condensation with thiosemicarbazide in acetic acid. Methods: Synthetic procedures were confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Pharmacological screening was performed to evaluate antitrypanosomal activity. Results: The reaction of N1-methylidenethiosemicarbazones (3a–b) with α-halocarboxylic acids (monochloroacetic, 2-bromopropionic, 2-bromobutanoic) or α-bromo-γ-butyrolactone in acetic acid in the presence of sodium acetate yielded a series of 2-hydrazino-4-thiazolidinones containing the 6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole moiety (4a–b) and their 5-alkyl-substituted derivatives (5a–d, 6a–b). Structures were confirmed by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. All synthesized compounds (3a–b, 4a–b, 5a–d, 6a–b) were evaluated for in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Feo strain). Conclusion: In vitro screening identified three highly active compounds—4b, 5b, and 5c—that exhibited significant trypanocidal activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.7–4.4 µM, comparable to the reference drug nifurtimox (IC₅₀ = 4.4 µM). These results highlight the potential of these 4-thiazolidinone derivatives as promising antitrypanosomal agents.},  
Keywords = {2-Hydrazono-4-thiazolidinones, Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles, Heterocyclization Reaction, Spectral Data, Antitrypanosomal Activity},
volume = {8},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {},
url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf},  
journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa},  
issn = {2676-7414}, 
eissn = {2676-7414}, 
year = {2026}  
}