@article{ author = {Uroko, Robert Ikechukwu and Nweje-Anyalowu, Paul Chukwuemaka and Aaron, Chinomso Friday and Chukwu, Charles N}, title = {Combined Extract of Spermacoce radiata (DC.) Hiern and Hypselodelphys poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh leaves (CEESH) confer Hepatoprotection in Rat Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia}, abstract ={Objective: The combined extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphys poggeana leaves has been shown to be a potent therapeutic agent against benign prostatic hyperplasia and it is used extensively for BPH and other diseases by local traditional medicine practitioners without any evaluation of its toxicity effects on liver and other vital organs in the body.  The study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of a combined extract of S. radiata and H. poggeana (CEESH) on rats with prostate enlargement (BPH). Material and Methods: The study had five groups of rats (n = 6), with groups 1 and 2 being the normal and BPH controls, respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were the BPH rats administered Finasteride, 300 and 600 mg/kg CEESH, respectively. Prostate enlargement was induced in the rat by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone injection (5 mg/kg/day for 28 days), while Finasteride and CEESH were respectively administered to the rats orally as therapeutic agents. Results: Prostate enlargement in the rats elevated AST, ALT and ALP activities in BPH control coupled with a significant rise in the serum bilirubin levels compared to the normal control. The total protein and its constituents (including albumin and globulin) declined significantly in the BPH control compared to the normal control. Administration of CEESH to the prostate enlarged rats lowered AST, ALT, and ALP activities in groups 4–5 rats significantly (P<0.05) compared to BPH control. Besides, the CEESH treated had elevated total protein (including albumin and globulin) levels compared to the BPH control. The high bilirubin levels in the BPH control were significantly diminished in the rats treated with CEESH. No alterations in the liver micrographs of the BPH control and CEESH administered rats were observed. Conclusion: These findings showed that CEESH confers hepatoprotection in BPH induced rats and could be used to manage BPH and other hepatic disorders.}, Keywords = {Spermacoce radiata,Hypselodelphys poggeana,benign prostatic hyperplasia,hepatic disorder,hepatic enzymes,liver histomorphology.}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-194-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-194-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Soltanbeigi, Amir and Dastyar, Neda and KhajoeiNejad, Fateme and Shokri, Samir}, title = {Medicinal Herbs Affecting Cancers in Iran and the World}, abstract ={Objective: In many countries, cancer is the second leading cause of fatality after cardiovascular disease. Cancer is a growing problem worldwide and is one of the most important reasons for fatality in human societies. The problems of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and the many side effects that result from their use for the patient, as well as the resistance of cancer cells to common treatments, have led researchers to new drugs with greater effectiveness and less toxicity. One of the best ways to reduce the risk of cancer is to use natural materials. The purpose of this study is the effect of medicinal herbs on cancer in Iran. This study aims to search the types of herbs that are beneficial for the health of body tissues concerning cancer, in order to be able to provide a suitable way to prevent the types of cancer that are more common in humans which has become a major problem in the medical world. Material and Methods: Articles were related to searching keywords such as medicinal plants, cancer and chronic diseases. PubMed, Google Scholar and SID databases were used as search sources. Results: In the treatment of cancers from medicinal plants such as Trachyspermum ammi, Crocus sativus, Silybum marianum, Nigella sativa, Cornus mas, Aloe vera, Zingiber officinale, Urtica dioica, Allium cepa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Peganum harmala, Plantago ovate, Thymus vulgaris, and Elkhorn fern. Some of the most important traditional natural anti-cancer substances include Catharanthus roseus, Podophyllum peltatum, Combreturn cafrum, Campetotheca acuminate, and Brucea antidysenterica. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicines with anti-cancer properties can be used as a substitute or supplement to chemical drugs in treating cancers. Many unique plant species need to be further studied to find anti-cancer compounds.}, Keywords = {Medicinal plants, Natural compounds, Cancer}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-3}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.1}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {A.El-Zahaby, Sally and Shokri, Samira and Hosseini, Seyede Fatemeh and Dastyar, Ne}, title = {Spectroscopic Analysis Medicinal Herbs of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy}, abstract ={Objective: Each medicinal herb contains one or more effective materials that are defined for therapeutic use according to the active ingredient of the plant. Since chemical drugs have side effects   the value of medicinal plants is still preserved after several centuries. One of these spectroscopic methods for identifying functional groups in medicinal plants is (FTIR). Material and Methods: This study aimed to identify the functional groups of Mentha longifolia medicinal plants native to Ilam by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method so that by recognizing the main and effective compounds of plants we can more easily step towards, recognizing and producing biomolecules and herbal medicines. Results: According to the results of spectroscopy, it was found that this plant has 15 spectra, including groups O-H, C-H, C = C, N-O, C-O, S = O, C-Br, and C-I. Conclusion: The results of the present study show the phytochemical of this plant. Further advanced studies are recommended to determine the composition of this plant.}, Keywords = {Medicinal herb, Mentha longifolia, Factor groups, FTIR, Iran}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {4-8}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.2}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Fazeli-Nasab, Bahman and Shahraki-Mojahed, Laleh and Dahmardeh, Narjes}, title = {Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract of 10 Medicinal Plants on Rathayibacter tritici and Xanthomonas translucens}, abstract ={Objective: Diseases caused by various drug-resistant strains in plants are increasing in many countries, so many efforts have been made to find new compounds as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs and pesticides. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of 10 medicinal plants were investigated on Rathayibacter tritici and Xanthomonas translucens. Material and Methods:  Alcoholic extracts of medicinal plants were extracted using a rotary apparatus. Two standard bacteria R. tritici and X. translucens were prepared from Persian Type Culture Collection. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of plants used at a concentration of 50 mg/ ml were determined by dilution in liquid medium on pathogens. Results: Based on the results, the lowest inhibitory concentration of thyme essential oil was 6.25 ppm, which was inhibited by R. tritici, and the lowest concentration of Hypericum perforatum essential oil against X. translucens was 6.25 ppm. The lowest concentrations of essential oils of yew and fennel were 6.25 ppm, which were inhibited by both bacteria. Rubia tinctorum leaf essential oil in a concentration of 6.25 only inhibited R. tritici bacteria. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils of the studied plants were higher than the extract. Conclusion: Essential oils of yew and oleander were the most effective against R. tritici and X. translucens, followed by thyme and rosemary against R. tritici and herring flower against X. translucens.  Although the clinical use of ethanolic extracts and essential oils of the studied plants seems valuable due to side effects, but for the clinical use of essential oils and extracts, more research should be done on the mechanism of action of effective compounds of these plants on microbial agents.}, Keywords = {Taxus baccata L,Carla,Lavender,Anethum graveolens,Nerium Oleander}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-16}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.3}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {urainab, sumia and Mehreen, Arifa and Zahid, Sidr}, title = {Essential Oils Have the Potential to Be Effective Therapeutic Agents In The Future}, abstract ={Objective: Medical treatments and preventions have made use of essential oils since the middle ages. Bactericidal, fungicidal, and antioxidant characteristics are among the various uses for essential oils in the fields of sanitation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food. The volatile components of these plants are phenol-derived aromatics, aliphatic compounds, and terpenes and terpenoids. Material and Methods: Our paper discusses some of the biochemical properties of essential oils, including their antimicrobial properties, which can be used instead of dangerous synthetic fungicidal and bactericidal products. Articles were related to searching keywords such as essential oils, agents, Medicinal plants. PubMed, Google Scholar and SID databases were used as search sources. Results: Essential oils are used as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and insecticidal compounds Conclusion: In recent years, increasing interest has been shown in the possibility of using essential oils as antimicrobials and preservatives in various industries.}, Keywords = {,Essential oils,Bioactivity,Medicinal plants}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-23}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.4}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Fazeli-Nasab, Bahman and Bidarnamani, Fatemeh}, title = {Medicinal Plants and Herbal Compounds: Cancer Prevention and Treatment}, abstract ={Objective: The global burden of cancer is increasing due to aging, population growth, poor nutrition, inadequate exercise, as well as high-risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. According to the World Health Organization, in 2008, the ASR (Age Standardized Rate) of cancers of both sexes (according to the global reference population) in Iran is 107.7 per 100,000 population, and its five most common cancers are stomach, breast, colorectum, Bladder, and leukemia. According to global ASR statistics, the most common cancers in both sexes are 181.6 and five cancers are lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, and prostate. With the increase in life expectancy and the increase in the aging index in the population of Iran, it is expected that the incidence of various cancers will increase in the coming years and a lot of humans and financial capitals will be wasted. On the other hand, with the advancement of technology in bioinformatics and molecular techniques, a lot of information has been obtained that will help in the early detection of cancer. Meanwhile, despite much research on cancer and its treatment, this disease is still one of the biggest health problems in human societies. Material and Methods: This research has been prepared in the form of a library, also articles reported in authoritative sources such as Springer, Elsevier, PubMed, Nature, etc. in 2021. Results: Alfalfa extract and Aloe vera L. have been used to treat breast cancer and prevent dermatitis. Nigella sativa and boron have been used in the treatment of prostate, breast, cervical and lung cancers. Wild pistachio has been shown to affect colon cancer cell line. Artichokes improve the liver, bile, lower cholesterol and blood lipids. The leaves of the Hedera plant (Hedera pasuchovii G.Woronow) have been shown to affect breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and uterus (Hela) as well as blood lymphocytes. Bakhtiari savory has been effective on Hela cancer cell line. Conclusion: Considering that chemical drugs used in the treatment of cancer, in addition to creating drug resistance the study of medicinal plants and factors of natural origins, such as compounds derived from medicinal plants used in the treatment of cancer is one of the most important objectives of the present study.}, Keywords = {,Savory,Breast cancer,Pistachio,Eugene,Thymoquinone}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-34}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.5}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mashabela, Ngwatshipane Madonna and Otang-Mbeng, Wilfre}, title = {Evaluating the Effect of Fertilizers on Physiological Growth, Chemical, Bioactive Components and Secondary Metabolites in Vigna Unguiculata (L.)}, abstract ={Objective: Vigna unguiculatata (L.) (Cowpea) is an African indigenous protein-dense crop that most sub-Saharan Africans rely on for food and nutrition security. Material and Methods: The current study assessed the effect of different levels of poultry manure fertilizer (10, 30, 60 and 90 kg F/ha) and nitrogen fertilizer (30, 45, 60 and 90 kg N/ha) on the growth, yield, mineral composition, bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in the legume crop Vigna unguiculata (L.). At the end of 15 weeks, 90 kg F/ha and 45 kg N/ha enhanced the growth, yield, mineral composition, production of ascorbic acid, total phenolic and FRAP assay, this informed our decision for the selection of this treatments (45kgN/ha, 90kgF/ha and 0kg/ha control) for further analyses of secondary metabolites. Results: Poultry manure and nitrogen fertilizer improved the mineral compositions of cowpea leaves, and different accumulation trends were noted depending on different application levels, with poultry manure responding well. Conclusion: Thus, the application of organic poultry manure at 90 kg F/ha for cowpea cultivation should potentially be recommended in the Mpumalanga Province.}, Keywords = {,Cowpea,organic fertilizer,FRAP,Mpumalanga Province}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-48}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.6}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {UrRehman, Insha and Malik, Lubna and Zaheer, Saima and Abdullah, Muhamm}, title = {A Brief Study of Mass Spectrometry of Natural Products}, abstract ={Objective: The physical and chemical data of the pure substance can be analysed to determine the structure. In the current era of structural elucidation, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, especially the various types of 2D NMR, are used extensively, while infrared (IR) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) are main tool to recognize the functional groups in the structure. The correlation of key chemicals in chromatograph peaks with individual mass spectra is commonly accomplished using HPLC mass spectrometry (LCMS). For most chemicals studied, LCMS ionisation procedures are chemically mild, and strong molecular ion peaks are detected. MS (mass spectrometry) is a technique for determining a substance's molecular mass, formula, and fragmentation pattern. The most widely deployed techniques in mass spectrometry are electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, chemical ionization mass spectrometry, chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Our paper discusses in brief how mass spectrometry can be used to study and analyze natural products in a scientific manner. Mass spectrometry, which has been used to study complex biological systems for more than a century, is currently at a critical crossroads. We'll be looking at how the mass spectrometry business is expected to change over the next decade, emphasising the natural products industry's increasing techniques and technology. This research aims to provide a fast summary of how mass spectrometry is used in many disciplines. Material and Methods: This review study relies on three search engines, Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and printed material from the library, to do the best literature research possible. Conclusion: We highlight growing mass spectrometric methodologies and technologies employed by the natural product field in this viewpoint piece and provide a glimpse into the future directions in which the mass spectrometry field will migrate over the next decade.}, Keywords = {Mass spectrometry,Natural product,Structure Determination}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {49-53}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.7}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghareghani, Shiva and Sadighara, Parisa and MahsaKhodaei, Sayedeh and Pirhadi, Mohadeseh}, title = {Does Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Cause Neuro-toxicity on The Central Nervous System? A Review}, abstract ={Objective: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an additive which is substantially applied in commercially processed foods in order to increase the flavor and sapidity and make a unique flavor which cannot be provided by any other ingredient. Since the discovery of endogenous amino acid glutamate (as a neurotransmitter) in human body, the possible toxicity of exogenous glutamic acid has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. Accordingly, various animal studies have been documented on toxic impacts of MSG on different parts of the body including central nervous system, liver, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and other systems. Thus, since that time, the safety of MSG has repeatedly been checked and reaffirmed within the scientific communities due to the contradict results. This literature review article specifically aimed to discuss the probable safety of dietary MSG for central nervous system and also provide an integrated information from several studies documented on possible neurotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate on glutamate receptors of Central Nervous System in order to elevate the public awareness about it. Material and Methods: Literature search of this review was done by keywords of “sodium glutamate” “monosodium glutamate”, “MSG”, “central nervous system”, “CNS”, “neurotoxicity”, toxic effects of MSG on “glutamate receptors”, “hypothalamus” and “pituitary” in Google Scholar and PubMed databases and almost all of the 70 relevant articles from 1984-2021 were considered and among those with similar contents, newer ones were included and the others were excluded. Finally, 32 articles were used to write this literature review article. Conclusion: Collecting the results of all studied articles seems to supports the hypothesis of safety. In fact, it seems that MSG as a food additive within the limited amounts as well as natural levels of glutamic acid which is present in food supplies provides no serious hazard to the human CNS.}, Keywords = {CNS,Food additives,Hypothalamus,Pituitary,Monosodium glutamate,Neurotoxicity.}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-59}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.8}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-108-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-108-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mahale, Bhagwan and Palwe, Sagar and Gajbhiye, Asahish and Bagul, Vinayak and Kadam, VInayak}, title = {Phytochemical Investigations of Flower Drug from Plant Acmella Paniculata (Wall. Ex DC.) R. K. Jansen}, abstract ={Objective: Acmella paniculata (Wall. Ex DC.) R. K. Jansen, also known as Akkalkadha or toothache plant is an important medicinal herb of the Asteraceae family that grows in the tropics and subtropics of the world. Material and Methods: The present phytochemical investigation aimed at evaluating the impact of different solvents on extraction yields, ash analysis, fluorescence analysis and phytochemical compounds from flower drug of A. paniculata plant. The results indicate that solvents have a significant impact in the yield of extraction. Results: Resulting in the higher extraction yield in solvent distilled water and ethanol. Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids are found in the crude flower drug of the plant. Conclusion: The present study is useful in drug standardization, identifying the adulteration in the Ayurvedic medicines from this plant.}, Keywords = {,Acmella paniculata,ash analysis,extraction yields,flower drug,fluorescence analysis,phytochemical investigation.}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {60-67}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.9}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-114-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-114-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Uroko, Robert Ikechukwu and Nweje-Anyalowu, Paul Chukwuemaka and Aaron, Chinomso Friday and Chukwu, Charles N}, title = {Combined Extract of Spermacoce radiata (DC.) Hiern and Hypselodelphys poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh leaves (CEESH) confer Hepatoprotection in Rat Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia}, abstract ={Objective: The combined extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphys poggeana leaves has been shown to be a potent therapeutic agent against benign prostatic hyperplasia and it is used extensively for BPH and other diseases by local traditional medicine practitioners without any evaluation of its toxicity effects on liver and other vital organs in the body.  The study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of a combined extract of S. radiata and H. poggeana (CEESH) on rats with prostate enlargement (BPH). Material and Methods: The study had five groups of rats (n = 6), with groups 1 and 2 being the normal and BPH controls, respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were the BPH rats administered Finasteride, 300 and 600 mg/kg CEESH, respectively. Prostate enlargement was induced in the rat by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone injection (5 mg/kg/day for 28 days), while Finasteride and CEESH were respectively administered to the rats orally as therapeutic agents. Results: Prostate enlargement in the rats elevated AST, ALT and ALP activities in BPH control coupled with a significant rise in the serum bilirubin levels compared to the normal control. The total protein and its constituents (including albumin and globulin) declined significantly in the BPH control compared to the normal control. Administration of CEESH to the prostate enlarged rats lowered AST, ALT, and ALP activities in groups 4–5 rats significantly (P<0.05) compared to BPH control. Besides, the CEESH treated had elevated total protein (including albumin and globulin) levels compared to the BPH control. The high bilirubin levels in the BPH control were significantly diminished in the rats treated with CEESH. No alterations in the liver micrographs of the BPH control and CEESH administered rats were observed. Conclusion: These findings showed that CEESH confers hepatoprotection in BPH induced rats and could be used to manage BPH and other hepatic disorders.}, Keywords = {Spermacoce radiata,Hypselodelphys poggeana,benign prostatic hyperplasia,hepatic disorder,hepatic enzymes,liver histomorphology.}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {68-78}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.10}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-115-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-115-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Naderi, Mohammad Ali and Afkhami, Hamed and Ghaffarian, Fatemeh and Rahimi, Marzieh and Sameni, Fatemeh and Khorshidi, Neda and Akbari, Atefeh}, title = {Investigation of Antibacterial Effect of Ferula macrocolea Extract and Quantity Determination of Inhibitory Effect on 4 Standard Strains of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria}, abstract ={Objective: Ficus exasperata Vahl (Sandpaper tree) is extensively used in Nigeria to treat diseases, but a dearth of documentation about its toxicity exists. This information is crucial because pollutants can contaminate medicinal plants. This study determined the heavy metal and phytochemical content of methanolic leaf extract of F. exasperata obtained in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Material and Methods: The lethality of the plant was also assessed using 70 wild shrimps divided equally into seven groups. Group 1 (negative control), groups 2 and 3 (positive controls) were exposed to 500 and 1000 ppm of formaldehyde, respectively; and groups 4-7 were exposed to 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm of extracts, respectively, for 96 hours. Results: The phytochemistry revealed high levels of flavonoids and saponins and moderate levels of tannins and phenols. The heavy metal analysis revealed non-tolerable levels of cadmium, copper, and lead, while zinc was within the tolerable limit. The negative control recorded 10% mortality, 1000 and 2000 ppm (20% each), 4000 ppm (70%), and 8000 ppm (100%). Conclusion: These results inferred safe doses of the plant’s extract in low and medium concentrations but toxic and fatal at high doses over a period of time. Consumers are advised to seek an expert’s guidance before using it.}, Keywords = {Ferula macrocolea, Antibiotic resistance, Antibacterial effect, Medicinal plant}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {87-92}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.1.12}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-123-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-123-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {E.Ibrahim, Mahmoud and F.Magbool, Fatehalrahman and HalfawiShargi, Asim}, title = {Antihepatotoxic Effect of Eruca sativa Extracts on Alcohol Induced Liver Injury in Rats}, abstract ={Objective: Food derived antioxidants have a special property for long term use as chemopreventive factor in disease states such as alcoholic liver diseases and hepatitis. This research decided to assess the property of several Eruca sativa Mill extract in ethanol induced liver injury in animals. Material and Methods: 30 rats were divided into four groups included treatment groups with E. Sativa extracts (Water and methanolic), prophylactic and control. Oxidants/antioxidants profile, lipid profile, and serum liver functions tests were done. Results: The finding revealed that extracts of E. Sativa decrease the alcoholic liver injury. In addition, the extracts of E. sativa may exert their prophylactic and cure role against ethanol oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant molecules levels. Conclusion: Totally, this research proofed that the E. sativa leaves water extract is better than methanolic extract in decreasing alcoholic liver injury.}, Keywords = {Eruca sativa, Antihepatotoxic, Induced Liver, alcoholic liver diseases}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.1}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Usunobun, Usunomena and Imoru, Ochuw}, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H.Rob. Against Methotrexate-induced Hepatic Toxicity in Rats}, abstract ={Objective: Liver, as an organ, is predominantly responsible for the metabolism of drugs, alcohol, and foreign chemicals; hence, it is vulnerable to injury that may result in different liver diseases. The protective effect of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. aqueous leaf extract against Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in male wistar rats was investigated. Material and Methods: 24 male rats were divided into four groups of 6. Group one received normal saline only and served as control while group two received 200mg/kg Ch. odorata aqueous extract daily for ten consecutive days. Group three received intraperitoneally, a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate on the ninth day of treatment while group four received 200mg/kg Ch. Odorata aqueous extract for ten consecutive days and a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate intraperitoneally on ninth day of the study. Results: Results showed that Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity decreased liver synthetic molecules (Total Protein and Albumin); decreased endogenous antioxidants (Catalase and Superoxide dismutase); increased liver function enzymes (Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase), and increased lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde). Corroborating biochemical assessment, Histopathological analysis of untreated Methotrexate rats showed liver sections with focal necrosis, dilation and congestion of central vein and portal vein whereas aqueous leaf extract of Ch. odorata reduced the degree of lesions with seen improvement and reduction of hepatocytes degeneration. Conclusion: Thus, Ch. odorata (L.) offered protection to the liver from damage caused by Methotrexate attributable to its active bioactive agents including flavonoids which scavenges free radicals, enhanced the antioxidant status and protected against oxidative damage and oxidative stress.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant,Chromolaena odorata,Liver,Methotrexate,Oxidative stress}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {12-21}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.10}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Uroko, Robert Ikechukwu and Aaron, Chinomso Friday and Uche, Mercylyn Ezinne and Aguwamba, Chinedu and Ogwo, Elisha Uko and Nweje-Anyalowu, Paul Chukwuemaka and Ijioma, Solomon Nnah}, title = {Effect of Aju Mbaise on Sperm Morphology, Semen Quality, Sex Hormonal Levels, Gonadosomatic Index and Testicular Histology of Avodart-Induced Rats}, abstract ={Objective: This study evaluated the effect of ethanol extract of Aju Mbaise (EEAM) on sperm morphology, semen quality, sex hormonal levels, gonadosomatic index and testicular histology of Avodart-induced rats. Material and Methods: The study had normal control, Avodart control, EEAM control, Avodart+500mg/kg EEAM, and Avodart +1000mg/kg EEAM groups. The rats were orally administered 0.5 mg/kg Avodart and 1 hour later treated with EEAM for 28 consecutive days. The Avodart control had milky white semen with low Ph, volume and semen consistency compared to the normal control and EEAM treated rats with creamy white semen with higher pH and semen consistency, respectively. Results: The results indicated a substantial decline in spermatozoa mass motility; spermatozoa live proportion, spermatozoa concentrations, normal spermatozoa proportions, animal live weight, paired testes weight and relative testicular weight in the Avodart control compared to the normal control. The Avodart induction caused a significant reduction in the serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone levels compared to the normal control. Also, there was a substantial decline in spermatogenic activity and the absence of mature spermatocytes in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules in the Avodart control relative to the normal control and EEAM control. The alterations in the sperm morphology, semen quality, sex hormonal levels and gonadosomatic index were significantly reverted to normal in the EEAM treated Avodart induced rats in a dose-dependent manner compared to the Avodart control. Conclusion: These findings showed that EEAM ameliorates Avodart toxicity and improves fertility by restoring sperm quality and sex hormonal levels to normal in rats.}, Keywords = {Aju Mbaise, Male fertility, Sperm quality, Testicular histology, Gonadosomatic index, Sex hormones}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {22-37}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.4}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Akram, Muhammad and Rashid, Abid and Munir, Naveed and Zainab, Rida and Khalil, Muhammad Talha and Laila, Umme and Riaz, Tehreen and Tahir, Imtiaz Mahmoo}, title = {Eclipta alba Species Role in Natural Medicine}, abstract ={Objectives: Eclipta alba is a seasonal medicinal plant native to Pakistan and its associated countries, vastly present in tropical and sub-tropical regions, having multi-branched white flowers. Almost all parts of E. alba are being used in the treatment of various ailments due to the presence of wide range of phytochemical constituents. Therefore, this review article has been written to compile to therapeutic applications of said medicinal herb. Material and Methods: Selective reference material was selected using different search engines like PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, Science direct etc.by putting Keywords including E. alba, its medicinal uses, nutritional benefits of E. alba, diseases, and E. alba etc. Results: Researches revealed that traditionally E. alba is well known to cure several diseases like hair growth disorders, efficacious hyperglycemic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and aldose reductase as well as by stimulating insulin secretion. Obesity is considered as the mother of disease, and many health occurs from obesity, so by its lipid-lowering activity, it lowers all types of fat. Mosquitoes as vectors cause serious human diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever and chikungunya have become major causes of mortality and morbidity among people. E. alba has insecticidal, larvicidal and ovicidal activity to control the mosquitoes borne diseases. Liver ailments such as liver enlargement, hepatitis and cirrhosis of liver have been a major issue for public issue. Wedelolactone, the chemical constituent of E. alba is very potent in liver ailment and due to its anti-viral activity, it can kill the virus responsible for hepatitis and other viruses as well. E. alba has efficacious anti-inflammatory activity, because of anti-oxidant constituents present in this herb. A very important role of this herbal plant is in hair growth promotion activity, so it has major value to treat hair problems such as alopecia, thinning of hair and hair color problems. It activates the hair follicles and enhances the hairs growth. It also has anti-hemorrhagic, antibiotic, antiseptic, anti-microbial activity and has very in snake bite scorpion sting. Conclusion: Although, E. alba has several health-related benefits, but still more research is under consideration in scientific community related to its phytochemical constituents and mechanism of actions.}, Keywords = {E. alba, Phytochemicals, Safety concerns, Health benefits}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {38-42}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.5}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {T, Mukhtar and Y.I., Mansur and H, Abubakar and A.J, Yusuf}, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Kaempferol from Tapinanthus globiferus Growing on Balanites aegyptiaca}, abstract ={Objective: Tapinanthus globiferus is a hemi-parasitic plant used in ethonomedicine to treat different ailment including fungal infections. The aim of the study was to isolation the bioactive compound from leaf of T.globiferus growing on Balanites aegyptiaca.     Material and Methods: The plant material was collected, identified pulverized to powder using mortar and pestle. The powdered plant material was subjected to maceration with 90% methanol to obtained crude methanol leaf extract which was further partitioned with solvent of increasing polarity to obtained n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions. Results: Chromatographic separation of ethylacetate fraction using a combination of silica gel column and sephadex LH-20 column led to the isolation of flavonoid (3,5,7- trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one). The structure of the compound obtained was established by Spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, NMR). Conclusion: Chromatographic studies of ethyl acetate fraction of T. globiferus growing on Balanites aegyptiaca, afforded a 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this compound from Tapinanthus globiferus growing on Balanites aegyptiaca.}, Keywords = {Isolation, Balanite aegyptiaca, Tapinanthus globiferus, NMR, FTIR}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {43-47}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.11}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hassan, Abubakar and O., Alam and M, Tukur and A.S, Muazu and A.J., Yusuf}, title = {Phytochemical, Toxicological and In vitro Antifungal Studies of Mitracarpus hirtus L.}, abstract ={Objective: Thus, in this work, phytochemical screening, acute toxicity and antifungal evaluation on the methanol extracts of different parts (leaves, seed and aerial part) of Mitracarpus hirtus against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Histoplasm capsulatum, Mucor sp, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gallinae, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, and Trichophyton rubrum using agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. Material and Methods: The phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of tannins saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids and the median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg which indicates that the plant is non-toxic. Results: Susceptibility test for the methanol extracts showed mean zone of inhibition ranging from 19.33±0.58-23.33±0.56 mm against the test organisms while the standard drug, Fulcin had 24.33±0.58 – 31.67±0.58 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts ranges between 0.25-0.50 mg/mL while the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) ranges between 0.25-1.00 mg/mL against some of the fungal pathogens. Conclusion: The findings of this study have revealed the antifungal efficacy of methanol extracts of the different part of M. hirtus which supports the ethno-medicinal claim of the use of the plant in the treatment of fungal infections.}, Keywords = {Mitracarpus hirtus, Secondary metabolites, Antifungal, Toxicity}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {48-56}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.3}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azarpendar, Maede and Khalighi, Zahra and Bahmani, Mahmoud and Abbasi, Naser and Saki, Kourosh}, title = {Identification of Plant Flora Affecting Common Psychiatric Disorders Based on Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Ilam, Iran}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of the present study is to identify, report and compare native medicinal plants that are used for treatment of depression, anxiety and stress, anorexia, insomnia and headache and migraine in the Ilam city, Ilam province, Iran. Methods: A standard questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding traditional therapeutic uses of plants that are effective on common psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety and stress, anorexia, insomnia, headache and migraine. Data collection instruments included a questionnaire and interview. The study population also included 37 perfumers. First, a complete list of the perfumers of Ilam city was extracted from the Food and Drug Vice-Chancellor of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The questionnaires included questions on the personal information of perfumers and a list that contains the no names of native plants, but included their used organs, usage, and traditional therapeutic effect. The results showed that twenty-two plant families are effective in treating common psychiatric disorders. Results: Fabaceae plant family with 7 plants and Lamiaceae plant family with 5 plants were the most effective plant families used for the treatment of common psychiatric disorders. Also, the most plant organs used for the treatment of the above disorders included aerial parts (38%), leaves (14%), fruits (14%), flowering branches (14%), and seeds (12%). Conclusion: Native medicinal plants of Ilam city are traditionally used to treat common psychiatric diseases and can be used as natural and effective treatments of disorders such as depression, anxiety and stress, anorexia, insomnia, headache and migraine.}, Keywords = {Medicinal plants, Ethnobotany, Ilam, Treatment}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {57-63}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.7}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-148-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-148-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Usunobun, Usunomena and Imoru, Ochuw}, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H.Rob. Against Methotrexate-induced Hepatic Toxicity in Rats}, abstract ={Objective: Liver, as an organ, is predominantly responsible for the metabolism of drugs, alcohol, and foreign chemicals; hence, it is vulnerable to injury that may result in different liver diseases. The protective effect of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. aqueous leaf extract against Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in male wistar rats was investigated. Material and Methods: 24 male rats were divided into four groups of 6. Group one received normal saline only and served as control while group two received 200mg/kg Ch. odorata aqueous extract daily for ten consecutive days. Group three received intraperitoneally, a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate on the ninth day of treatment while group four received 200mg/kg Ch. Odorata aqueous extract for ten consecutive days and a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate intraperitoneally on ninth day of the study. Results: Results showed that Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity decreased liver synthetic molecules (Total Protein and Albumin); decreased endogenous antioxidants (Catalase and Superoxide dismutase); increased liver function enzymes (Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase), and increased lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde). Corroborating biochemical assessment, Histopathological analysis of untreated Methotrexate rats showed liver sections with focal necrosis, dilation and congestion of central vein and portal vein whereas aqueous leaf extract of Ch. odorata reduced the degree of lesions with seen improvement and reduction of hepatocytes degeneration. Conclusion: Thus, Ch. odorata (L.) offered protection to the liver from damage caused by Methotrexate attributable to its active bioactive agents including flavonoids which scavenges free radicals, enhanced the antioxidant status and protected against oxidative damage and oxidative stress.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant,Chromolaena odorata,Liver,Methotrexate,Oxidative stress}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {64-75}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.2}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-126-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-126-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Isah, Mustapha and B.Shagari, Abubakar and M.Usman, Hizbullah}, title = {Antibacterial and Dye Removal Potential of Modified Kaolinite for the Treatment of Drinking Water}, abstract ={Objective: The objective of this research was focused on the development of new organoclay based composite that serves as both antibacterial and dye removing agent for the treatment of microbial and dyes contaminated water from the source. Material and Methods: The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the kaolinite was improved through acid treatment. Chlorhexidine- loaded zinc- kaolinite was prepared via adsorption of chlorhexidine acetate (0.5 mmol/L) on zinc-kaolinite. The composites were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The antibacterial assays of the composites were conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) using disc diffusion technique (DDT), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The CEC value of the acid treated kaolinite (Kaot2) was improved from 9.26 + 0.82 to 13.43+1.61 meq/100g, the morphology of the composite remains intact and indicate the presence of Zinc (Zn) after formulation. The target composite (Chx-Zn-Kaot2) shows its effectiveness against S. aureus and S. typhi showing the inhibition zones of 26 mm and 1.5 mm respectively. Similarly, MIC, with 120 mg/mL inhibit both organisms while MBC revealed that the target composite, 60 mg/mL kills S. aureus and 120 mg/mL kills S. typhi respectively. Conclusion: The formulated target composite is a good candidate for the treatment of drinking water contaminated with such microorganisms and can be able to remove substantial content of dyes.}, Keywords = {Antibacterial, Dye removal, Modified Kaolinite, Contaminated water, Water treatment}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {76-88}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Akhzari, Morteza and Shabani-Borujeni, Mojtaba and Tavakoli, Ramin and Siahkohi, Hamidreza and Mottaghiyan, Zahra and Fathi, Javad and Mohsenzadeh, Amin and Shafiee, Seyed Mohamm}, title = {Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Properties in Clinical Trials; A Brief Review}, abstract ={Objective: Zingiber officinale (Ginger) is a flowering plant that was once utilized in Chinese medicine, Indian medicine, and Greek herbal therapy to treat many illnesses. Results: Different parts of this plant, for example, roots and rhizomes, and its extract are widely used as a spice and traditional medicine. It has been shown that ginger has several therapeutic properties, including reducing inflammation, preventing cancer, lowering blood sugar and lipids, regulating the immune system, anti-apoptotic and anti-nausea, and anti-vomiting effects. In addition, nervous diseases, colds, rheumatism, gingivitis, toothaches, asthma, stroke, constipation, and diabetes have been treated with ginger. Ginger is also a powerful antioxidant and can prevent the production and activity of free radicals. Moreover, ginger extract has been utilized as a diaphoretic and anti-flatulent medication for gastrointestinal spasms. It's also used to treat indigestion and colic pain in the intestines. Conclusion: In this contribution, we provide an overview of various reports of ginger properties in clinical studies and its effects on the treatment of diseases. In addition to summarizing the present literature. This study highlights the potential of this field to open up new avenues for researchers.  }, Keywords = {,Ginger,Anti-inflammation,Anti-oxidant,Anti-tumor,Anti-diabetic,Anti-lipemic}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {89-102}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.12}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-165-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-165-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Khani, Hourieh and HosseinpourFeizi, Mohammad Ali and Mohseni, Jafar and Haghi, Mehdi and Safaralizadeh, Rez}, title = {The Association of Gene Polymorphisms Related to Inherited Thrombophilia with An Increased Risk of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss}, abstract ={Objective: The objective of this research was focused on the development of new organoclay based composite that serves as both antibacterial and dye removing agent for the treatment of microbial and dyes contaminated water from the source. Material and Methods: The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the kaolinite was improved through acid treatment. Chlorhexidine- loaded zinc- kaolinite was prepared via adsorption of chlorhexidine acetate (0.5 mmol/L) on zinc-kaolinite. The composites were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The antibacterial assays of the composites were conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) using disc diffusion technique (DDT), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The CEC value of the acid treated kaolinite (Kaot2) was improved from 9.26 + 0.82 to 13.43+1.61 meq/100g, the morphology of the composite remains intact and indicate the presence of Zinc (Zn) after formulation. The target composite (Chx-Zn-Kaot2) shows its effectiveness against S. aureus and S. typhi showing the inhibition zones of 26 mm and 1.5 mm respectively. Similarly, MIC, with 120 mg/mL inhibit both organisms while MBC revealed that the target composite, 60 mg/mL kills S. aureus and 120 mg/mL kills S. typhi respectively. Conclusion: The formulated target composite is a good candidate for the treatment of drinking water contaminated with such microorganisms and can be able to remove substantial content of dyes.}, Keywords = {MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, FV G1691A, FII G20210A, PAI-1 -675 4G/5G, Recurrent pregnancy loss}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {103-113}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.8}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-149-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-149-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mohammed, Samar Jasim and Mohammed, Zainab Jassim and Lazim, Israa Ibrahim and Narimani-Rad, Mohamm}, title = {An Update on the Effect of Water Stress on Plants}, abstract ={Rarely optimal environmental conditions of the plant are available, from water, air and nutrients, Water stress often occurs due to lack of soil moisture or other factors may pay organisms to limited survival. The study of plants under these conditions and knowledge of how the plant responds to water stress on the basis of changing life and physiological processes, so this review describes some aspects of the changes caused by water stress in germination, morphological, physiological and productivity composition in higher plants.}, Keywords = {Water stress, morphological and physiological structure, productivity. Introduction}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {114-122}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.52547/pbp.4.2.9}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2022} }