@article{ author = {Acevedo, Roberto}, title = {Pharmaceutical Applications of Eucalyptol in the Pharmaceutical Industry}, abstract ={Eucalyptol is a naturally occurring organic compound that has gained significant use in the pharmaceutical industry. Primarily extracted from the leaves of the eucalyptus plant, eucalyptol exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. Research has demonstrated its effectiveness in combating a variety of bacteria and viruses, including those responsible for colds and flu. Eucalyptol is recognized for alleviating symptoms of respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis by easing breathing and reducing inflammation in the airways, thereby improving patient outcomes. Due to its antioxidant properties, eucalyptol is also used in anti-aging and skin-protecting pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, it is included in analgesic and pain-relief products, helping to alleviate various types of pain, including headaches and muscle pain, by inhibiting the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system. Overall, eucalyptol has emerged as a versatile compound in the pharmaceutical industry, with ongoing research aimed at uncovering new applications for this valuable substance.  }, Keywords = {Eucalyptus, Eucalyptol, Disease Treatment, Traditional Medicine}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-3}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.5}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Ebrahim and Abdi, Fatemeh}, title = {Medicinal Plants Effective on Diabetes in Northwest of Iran}, abstract ={Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a widespread metabolic disorder and represents a significant global health challenge. The prevalence of diabetes is steadily increasing, making it a prevalent health condition worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is notably high in Iran. Traditional Iranian medicine incorporates a diverse array of plants and minerals for the management of diabetes. This review aims to identify and evaluate the medicinal plants native to Northwest Iran that have been traditionally employed for the treatment of diabetes. Methodology: This systematic review utilized a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant literature on the use of medicinal plants for diabetes management in Northwest Iran. Authoritative scientific databases, including Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, PubMed, and Scopus, were systematically searched using the following keywords: 'medicinal plants,' 'Iran,' 'diabetes,' 'Urmia,' 'Tabriz,' 'Ardabil,' 'West Azerbaijan,' 'East Azerbaijan,' and 'ethnobotany.' The search results were filtered to include only ethnobotanical studies relevant to the research question. Results: The review has highlighted the use of numerous medicinal plants, including Apium graveolens, Alyssum desertorum, Arctium lappa, Avena sativa, Berberis integerima, Cerasus microcarpa, Crataegus aronia, Allium schoenoprasum, Urtica dioica, Phlomis aucheri, Salvia aethiopis, Melilotus officinalis, Tragopogon pratensis, Euphorbia helioscopia, Salvia officinalis, Salix aegyptiaca, and many others, in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Ardabil for the treatment of diabetes. These plant species have been traditionally used in the folk medicine of the region for their presumed antidiabetic properties. Conclusion: The region of Northwest Iran possesses a rich tradition of ethnobotanical knowledge. The medicinal plants identified in this review warrant further investigation through rigorous clinical and pharmacological studies. If these plants demonstrate anti-diabetic effects, they could potentially serve as a valuable source for the development of novel anti-diabetic drugs.  }, Keywords = {Chronic disease, Diabetes, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Northwest region, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {4-9}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.3}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-230-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-230-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Kaveh, Mania and TayyebGhasemi, Shil}, title = {Association between Serum Vitamin D Level and Uterine Leiomyomas: A Case-Control Study}, abstract ={Objective: Uterine fibroids (UFs) is a benign disorder that affects women of reproductive age. Vitamin D is thought to play an important role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D in uterine fibroid-related problems. Methods: This case control study was done on 72 women with fibroid lesion (case group) who referred to Amir-al Momenin hospital, Zabol, Iran between April 2022 and December 2022. Moreover, 38 women with normal uterine morphology on ultrasonography were considered control group within the age range of 20 to 45 years. Blood samples were taken for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Demographic and other related clinical information were collected from the patients. Result:   The ratio of BMI in the case group (73.52%) was higher than the control group (63.15%). This difference was statistically significant (P=0.002). Vitamin D deficiency was common in the case group (54.90%) as compared to controls (6.7%) while sufficiency was common among controls (67.8% vs. 27.45%); the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Women in the control group were exposed to sunlight more often than case group which was statistically significant (P=0.002). Women with uterine fibroids, 94.11% had low exposure to sunlight compared to women in the control group (73.68%), which was statistically significant (P=0.002). Ten patients (13.88%) of case group mentioned a family history of uterine fibroids, while none of the women in the control group had this item. This difference was statistically significant (P=0.014). Conclusion: The present study showed that patients with UFs had significantly lower serum levels of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a potential risk factor for UFs.}, Keywords = {,Serum vitamin D levels,leiomyomas,Uterine fibroids}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-18}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.11}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Dawoud, Azza and Hussien, Sali Dawoud and Abdalbagi, Mohammed and Shayoub, Mohamed El Hass}, title = {Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Herbal Antipsoriatic Emulgel}, abstract ={Objective: It is acknowledged that psoriasis is the most prevalent autoimmune condition brought on by the improper activation of the immune system. the lack of possible cure and associated severe side effects in allopathic medicines have led to extensive research in natural products with antipsoriatic activity. Bearing in mind this, and based on previous studies conducted at the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant and Traditional Medicine Research Institute (MAPTMRI), in which the activity of the Aloe sinkatan plant was proven as an effective treatment for psoriasis, it was selected to formulate, optimize and evaluate a new emulgel from Aloe sinkatana plant extract used as an anti-psoriatic agent. Method: The study included a multi-phase process that included the collecting and extraction of plants. Based on pre-formulation studies like solubility and compatibility studies, liquid paraffin, propylene glycol, Tween-20 and Span-20, alcohol, and DEMSO were selected for the forumaltion. The emulgels were designed, formulate and optimized using a 2³ factorial design. Spreadability and viscosity were considered dependent variables, while the quantities of emulsifying agent, gelling agent and, liquid paraffin were chosen as independent formulation variables. Physical appearance and physiochemical parameters like stability, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and percentage medication content were evaluated for the produced formulations. Results: Regression analysis showed that all three independent variables significantly affected the response variables. The formulation was optimized using a response surface plot using Design Expert software 8.0.7.1. The R² values for the response's viscosity and spreadability were 0.9915 and 0.9761, respectively. Conclusion: Aloe sinkatana extract was used as an active component in the formulation of the emulgel form. Formula F3 shows good physicochemical characteristics and a higher percent of drug content than other formulations; therefore, it was selected as an optimal formula.}, Keywords = {,Keywords: Aloe sinkatana,anti-psoriatic properties,optimized formula,emulgel formulation,factorial analysis}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-33}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.14}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Salehi, Davood and NarenjkarEsfahani, Reyhaneh}, title = {Treatment of Angina with Indigenous Iranian Medicinal Plants: Perspectives from Traditional Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart, often caused by narrowed coronary arteries. This review examines medicinal plants traditionally used in Iran to alleviate angina symptoms, exploring both historical and modern applications. The goal is to enhance understanding of potential natural remedies for this condition. Methods: This systematic review aimed to identify literature on the use of medicinal plants for angina pectoris. Searches were conducted across major scientific databases like Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, using keywords related to chest pain and herbal treatments. Articles included in the review were required to be in Farsi or English, focus on the effects of medicinal plants on angina, and be original research, reviews, or clinical trials, while excluding those with insufficient data or irrelevant content. Results: Traditional Iranian medicine incorporates a rich array of herbal remedies for various ailments, including angina pectoris. Among the most commonly employed medicinal plants in Iran are garlic (Allium sativum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), ajwain (Carum copticum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), pomegranate (Punica granatum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), green pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), orange (Citrus sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), guava (Psidium guajava), apple (Malus domestica), turmeric (Curcuma longa), borage (Borago officinalis), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), aloe vera (Aloe vera), almond (Prunus dulcis), basil (Ocimum basilicum), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). These plants have been historically utilized as potential remedies for chest pain in Iranian traditional medicine. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that traditional Iranian medicine offers a diverse array of medicinal plants with potential therapeutic benefits for angina pectoris. The identified plants exhibit a range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, sedative, and antispasmodic effects. Additionally, these plants may contribute to improved blood circulation, potentially alleviating the symptoms of chest pain associated with angina.  }, Keywords = {Pain, Thorax, Chest pain, Angina, Herbal medicine, Traditional medicine}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {34-39}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.7}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-249-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-249-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Abangah, Ghobad and Pirhadi, Mohadeseh and Shojaei, Behnaz and Nazer, MohamadReza and Ghaysouri, Abas}, title = {Determining the Amount of Lead Heavy Metal in Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Medicinal Plants}, abstract ={Objective: Medicinal plants and herbal medicines are usually safer than chemical medicines, but their arbitrary use may be associated with side effects. Some people think that medicinal plants and medicines that have a plant base cannot cause health problems and are not harmful, while medicinal plants and herbal medicines, like any chemical medicine, have their own side effects. The food chain, including edible and medicinal plants, can be one of the important sources of heavy metals transfer to the human body and endanger human health. The aim of this study is to determine the amount of lead heavy metal in licorice and fennel medicinal plants using furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Methods: In this study, 10 dry samples of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) were collected from Chamestan, Mazandaran. The samples were analyzed using GC-MS in SIM mode with a carrier gas speed of 1 mL/min and an injection temperature of 250°C. For element analysis, the samples were digested using methods from Agrawal et al. (2011) and Manutsewee et al. (2007), and the metal concentrations were measured with ICP-OES and ICP-MS, expressed in mg/Kg. Results: The results of this study showed that the average heavy metal concentration of lead in licorice and fennel was 21.63 ppb and 23.45 ppb, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study are higher than the limit set by WHO. Based on the results, consumption of licorice and fennel medicinal plants has dangerous health consequences for consumers, especially children and pregnant women. Heavy metals enter the body by consuming food such as medicinal plants, contaminated water and other sources and can lead to toxic effects in different organs. Considering the potential risk of heavy metal contamination for public health and their carcinogenic effects, obtaining information regarding the concentration of heavy metals in medicinal plants can be helpful.  }, Keywords = {Heavy metal, Toxic, Carcinogenic, Medicinal plant, Licorice, Fennel}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {40-44}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.1}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Shabnam and Shohani, Zeinab and Pourhashemi, Kowsar}, title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants for Blood Purification: Efficacy and Therapeutic Properties}, abstract ={Blood plays a vital role in the body, carrying oxygen, nutrients, and hormones. Therefore, blood purification is of great importance and guarantees the proper functioning of the body. Medicinal plants have been used by people for the treatment of various diseases in the past. Due to the high side effects of the use of different chemical drugs, in recent years, medicinal plants have been relatively popular. Therefore, in this review, using the keywords of medicinal plants, purification, and blood purification, numerous articles published in this field were searched through Scopus, Google Scholar, Irandoc.ac.ir, and Sid. ir databases. Finally, 87 articles were selected and reviewed. A list of plants effective in blood purification along with their effective ingredients and other therapeutic properties was obtained. According to the results, 45.2% of plants effective in blood purification were native to Iran. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae were the most important families, respectively. Plants effective in blood purification can help improve health and purify the blood. Still, the consumption of each plant should be according to the condition of each person's body and consult with a specialist.  }, Keywords = {Barberry,Blood purification,Citrus maxima,Fennel}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {45-70}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.6}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Behzadi, Farhad and NarenjkarEsfahani, Reyhaneh}, title = {Herbal Remedies for Bloating in Traditional Iranian Medicine: Natural Antioxidants for Managing Abdominal Bloating}, abstract ={Objective:   Bloating, a biological process characterized by gas accumulation within the gastrointestinal tract, often results in abdominal pain and discomfort. Both children and adults frequently experience bloating and associated abdominal pain, causing significant distress. This review aims to identify and report on natural antioxidants that may be effective in alleviating bloating. Methods:  For this review, literature searches were conducted using keywords such as "herbal remedies," "bloating," and "traditional medicine." Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized for the search. Ethnobotanical articles relevant to the topic were reviewed. Results: Herbal remedies including ginger, peppermint, turmeric, cumin, caraway, wormwood, dandelion, burdock, hibiscus, lemon balm, chamomile, and fennel have been shown to effectively reduce abdominal bloating and improve digestive health. Conclusion:  The present study demonstrates that Iranian herbal remedies with potent antioxidant properties offer effective solutions for reducing abdominal bloating and enhancing digestive health. These herbs, through their bioactive compounds, not only alleviate gas accumulation within the stomach and intestines but also exert anti-inflammatory and soothing effects, which contribute to the alleviation of bloating-related abdominal pain. These findings emphasize the significance of utilizing natural and traditional treatments for managing digestive disorders and improving quality of life. A combination of these herbs, considering their unique properties, appears to be a comprehensive and effective therapeutic strategy for reducing bloating and promoting gastrointestinal health.  }, Keywords = {Digestive health, Bloating, Herbal remedies, Traditional medicine, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {71-75}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.9}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-254-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-254-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Nazarbaghi, Surena and Parsaei, Pouy}, title = {Traditional remedy of Parkinson\'s: Medicinal Plants Effective on Parkinson\'s in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain responsible for motor control. Following Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Despite the availability of various pharmacological treatments, these medications often exhibit side effects and may have varying efficacy and duration of action. To address the limitations of conventional therapies, this review aims to identify the most promising medicinal plants traditionally employed in the management of Parkinson's disease. Methods: This review employed a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant literature on the use of medicinal plants for Parkinson's disease. Authoritative scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched using the following keywords: 'medicinal plants,' 'traditional medicine,' 'Parkinson's,' and 'neurology.' Irrelevant articles were excluded from the review process. Results: Traditional Iranian medicine incorporates a diverse array of medicinal plants for the management of Parkinson's disease. Notable examples include Nigella sativa (black cumin), Boswellia serrata (frankincense), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Olea europaea (olive), Camellia sinensis (tea), Prunus domestica (plum), Ficus carica (fig), Echium amoenum (Iranian borage), Prunus dulcis (almond), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), and various Scutellaria species. Conclusion: While medicinal plants may offer potential benefits as adjunctive therapies for Parkinson's disease, further research is warranted to establish their efficacy and safety. Current studies on these plants are limited in scope, and additional evidence is required to draw definitive conclusions regarding their role in the management of Parkinson's.  }, Keywords = {Brain and nerves, Parkinson's disease, Medicinal plants, Traditional treatment, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {76-82}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.4}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-236-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-236-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {soudi, Reza and Hatamkhani, Shim}, title = {Medicinal Plants for Enhancing Vision in Traditional Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Plants serve as a rich repository of bioactive compounds with the potential to promote ocular health, prevent eye diseases, and enhance visual function. Traditional medicine has long utilized plant-based remedies to improve vision. This review aims to identify and elucidate the mechanisms of action of natural antioxidants derived from plants that exhibit beneficial effects on visual health. Methods: In this review study, relevant articles were searched using keywords such as medicinal plants, vision, vision improvement, and traditional medicine. Databases like Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were used for the search. Results: Medicinal plants including fennel, lemon, saffron, cranberry, green tea, turmeric, grapes, celery, and dandelion were found to enhance vision. Conclusion: This review highlights the potential of medicinal plants to enhance visual function and prevent ocular diseases. The antioxidant properties of these plants can safeguard ocular tissues from oxidative damage, thereby mitigating the risk of conditions such as dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and other ocular disorders. To fully harness the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, further research is imperative to elucidate their precise mechanisms of action and optimize their application in both traditional and modern medicine.}, Keywords = {Eyes, Vision, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {83-89}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.10}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Ramazani, Seyyed Hamid Reza and Khaleghdadi, Faezeh and Ghaderi, Mohammad Ghader}, title = {Callus Formation in Kochia (Kochia Scopora L.) under Different Hormone Concentrations and Explant Types}, abstract ={Objective: Kochia is recently used as a forage and medicinal plant resistant to environmental stresses such as salinity and drought. One of the techniques used in biotechnology and plant breeding is tissue culture. Methods: Based on this, callus formation and regeneration of Kochia under the influence of hormonal factors and explants types was conducted in a factorial experiment on a completely randomized design with hormonal treatments (9 levels) and explants (3 levels) in 5 replications. After 70 days, the explants were examined for different traits and determined the most suitable explant for callus production. Results: According to the results regarding changes in the percentage of leaf callus formation, the greatest increase was in MS + 0.5 mg/l Kin + 1 mg/l NAA treatment. For callus formation and percentage of direct rooting, there is a significant difference between leaf explants, cotyledon and hypocotyl. But for the percentage of direct regeneration and the percentage of shoot formation, a significant difference has been observed between the leaf explant with cotyledon and the hypocotyl. The results showed that the highest degree of callus formation occurred in the treatment of MS + 0.5 mg/l Kin + 1 mg/l NAA in the leaf and the axis of the cotyledon, and then in the treatments MS + 1 mg/l NAA and MS + 0.05 mg/l BA + 0.5 mg/l NAA is in the organs of cotyledon and the hypocotyl. Conclusion: Finally, 2,4-D could lead to more callus formation of the Kochia and it was observed that no callus formation was done in treatments without hormones. Although, to optimize callus formation and regeneration in this plant, it is suggested to also test the effects of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and photoperiod, and different levels of growth hormones such as IBA and GA3.  }, Keywords = {Auxin,Callus induction,Cytokinine,In vitro,Salinity}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {90-95}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.13}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Zolfigol, Ali and Pirhadi, Mohadeseh}, title = {Phytotherapy in Children\'s Colds}, abstract ={Objective: Children are frequently afflicted with common colds due to the wide range of circulating cold viruses and their developing immune systems. Given their susceptibility to such illnesses, there is a growing interest in exploring natural alternatives to conventional drug therapy. Traditional medicine offers a rich tradition of utilizing herbal remedies for the treatment of colds. This review aims to identify and evaluate the efficacy of herbal medicines for treating colds in children. Methods: This systematic review employed a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant literature on the use of herbal medicines for treating common colds in children. Authoritative scientific databases, including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and Scopus, were systematically searched using the following keywords: 'common cold,' 'children,' 'traditional medicine,' 'herbal medicine,' and 'treatment.' Irrelevant articles were excluded from the review process. Results: The review identified a range of herbal medicines traditionally employed for the treatment of common colds in children. These include Tilia cordata (linden), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Sambucus nigra (elderberry), Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop), Inula helenium (elecampane), Plantago lanceolata (plantain), Althea officinalis (marshmallow), Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus), Citrus limonum (lemon), and Allium sativum (garlic), among others. Conclusion: Several medicinal plants possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties that may be beneficial for children. The plants identified in this review, owing to their antimicrobial and antiviral activities, hold potential for alleviating the symptoms of common colds in pediatric populations.  }, Keywords = {Infection, Virus, cold, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {96-100}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.2}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-227-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-227-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Armin and Akbari, Reza and kouhkan, mehri}, title = {Assessment of Antibacterial Effects of Ethyle Octahydrospiro[indene-2,3\'-pyrrolizidine]- 2\' Carboxylate Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria}, abstract ={Objective: The emergence of resistance in bacteria, and the existence of various types of infection and contamination in the hospital and community is the basis for research to find new antibacterial compounds.  Materials: Ethyl Octahydrospiro[indene-2,3'-pyrrolizidine]-1,3-diones-pyrrolizidine]-2'carboxylate (5) was synthesized during one-pot reaction of ninhydrin, proline and ethyl acrylate in ethanol solvent. The antibacterial effect of the synthesized derivative on the mentioned bacteria was investigated by agar plate culture and broth micro dilution methods and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for the synthesized derivative. Results: The analysis of the results showed that the MIC and MBC values of the newly synthesized compound against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria were 1.56 and 3.12 μg/mlL, respectively. In addition, the MIC and MBC values of the synthetic compound against Escherichia coli (E. coli) were 0.39 μg/mlL and 0.78 μg/mlL, respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial test results revealed that the synthesized compound at an equivalent concentration exhibited a higher inhibitory impact on the Gram-negative E. coli bacteria than Gram-positive S. aureus. The compound causes the rapid bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacteria by destroying or disrupting the function of the outer membrane. This combination could be effective in treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.  }, Keywords = {chiral azomethylene ylide,3 dipolar cyclization,Escherichia coli,indane}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {101-108}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.15}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-223-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-223-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Sadri, Mohammad and Parsaei, Pouy}, title = {A Review of the Most Important Medicinal Plants to Deal with Urinary Tract Infections}, abstract ={Objective: Infectious diseases represent a prevalent condition within the urinary tract, particularly affecting women. These diseases arise when harmful microorganisms invade the urinary tract and bladder. The etiology of infectious diseases is often attributed to bacteria. This review aims to identify medicinal plants traditionally employed in Iranian medicine for the management of urinary tract infections. Methodology: This systematic review employed a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant literature on the use of medicinal plants for urinary tract infections in Iranian traditional medicine. Authoritative scientific databases, including Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, PubMed, and Scopus, were systematically searched using the following keywords: 'medicinal plants,' 'urinary tract infection,' 'Iran.' The search results were filtered to include only ethnobotanical studies relevant to the research question. Results: A diverse array of medicinal plants have been traditionally employed for the treatment of urinary tract infections in Iranian medicine. Notable examples include Crocus sativus (saffron), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry), Mentha spicata (mint), Corylus avellana (hazelnut), Borago officinalis (borage), Carduus nutans (thistle), Citrus limon (lemon), Origanum vulgare (oregano), Althea officinalis (marshmallow), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Achillea millefolium (yarrow), Matricaria recutita (chamomile), and Urtica dioica (nettle). Conclusion: Research has demonstrated that certain medicinal plants and spices possess antimicrobial and antibiotic properties that may contribute to the treatment of urinary tract infections.}, Keywords = {Disease, Kidney, Bladder, Urinary tract infection, Medicinal plants, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {109-118}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.12}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Behzadi, Farhad and Roosta, Yousef}, title = {The Role of Plant-Based Antioxidants in the Prevention and Mitigation of Hemorrhoid Complications: A Comprehensive Review in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Hemorrhoids arise from the inflammation and distension of the blood vessels surrounding the rectum. This region is characterized by a dense network of blood vessels subjected to significant pressure fluctuations during bowel movements. Traditional Iranian medicine incorporates the use of various herbal remedies for the management of hemorrhoids and associated symptoms. This review aims to comprehensively examine and document the traditional Iranian medicinal plants utilized in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Methods:  A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing key terms such as "medicinal plants," "hemorrhoids," "traditional medicine," and "ethnobotany." Electronic databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Magiran were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. In addition, a thorough review of existing ethnobotanical literature was undertaken to ensure a comprehensive understanding of traditional Iranian practices related to hemorrhoid management. Results: This review identified a diverse array of medicinal plants traditionally used in Iran for the management of hemorrhoids, including olive, coconut, aloe vera, apple, turmeric, chamomile, cranberry, hazel, lemon, almond, ginger, psyllium, flixweed, and yarrow. Conclusion:  The results of this review indicate that medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and soothing properties play an important role in the prevention and mitigation of hemorrhoid complications. Due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, these plants help reduce inflammation and speed up the healing of damaged tissues. Additionally, a fiber-rich diet aids in improving bowel movements and reducing pressure on the rectal area, making it a key factor in the prevention of hemorrhoids.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {119-124}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.1.8}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-251-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-251-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Dawoud, Azza and Abdalbagi, Mohamme}, title = {Standardization of Aloe-Emodin Compound in Aloe sinkatana Plant Extract Using TLC and UV-visible Spectroscopic Methods}, abstract ={Objectives: Aloe-emodin is one the of dynamic compounds and has several pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, anticancer, antifungal antidiabetic, and antipsoriatic. It is an important ingredient in several traditional herbal formulations. This study was done for qualitative and quantitative standardization of the Aloe-Emodin compound in Aloe sinkatana plant extract. Methods: TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and UV-visible spectroscopic methods were developed for both qualitative and quantitative standardization of aloe emodine in Aloe sinkatana plant extract. Results: The results indicated that TLC and UV-visible spectroscopic methods are simple, accurate, sensitive, precise, and reproducible. Conclusion: In conclusion, we can say that the TLC and UV-visible spectroscopic methods can be effectively used for standardizing aloe-emodin in various pharmaceutical dosage forms.  }, Keywords = {Aloe-emodin,Aloe sinkatana plant,Standardization,Thin layer chromatography,and UV-visible spectroscopic.}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.6}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Behzadi, Farhad and Roosta, Yousef}, title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective Against Iron Deficiency Anaemia}, abstract ={Objective: Iron deficiency anemia constitutes one of the most prevalent forms of anemia globally, arising from diminished iron stores within the body and a subsequent impairment in hemoglobin production. This condition is frequently associated with symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, and compromised immune function. Conventional treatment and preventive measures primarily focus on dietary adjustments and iron supplementation. This review aims to systematically identify herbal plants with traditional applications in the management of iron deficiency anemia. Methods: To investigate the efficacy of native Iranian herbal plants in the management of iron deficiency anemia, this study commenced with the formulation of a clear research problem and objectives. Subsequently, a comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing a combination of scientific databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additionally, specialized resources such as reference books and encyclopedias were consulted. The search strategy employed a combination of relevant keywords, including "native Iranian medicinal plants," "Iron deficiency anemia," and "bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. Results: Based on the review, it was identified that herbal plants such as beetroot, mint, garlic, saffron, peppermint, radish, plum, turmeric, hawthorn, and rosemary are traditionally used in Iranian medicine to treat iron deficiency anemia. Conclusion: The utilization of herbal plants as natural supplements presents a promising avenue for the management of iron deficiency anemia, with the potential to enhance hemoglobin levels and alleviate associated symptoms. This study explores the potential of leveraging traditional medicine, specifically focusing on identifying and effectively utilizing native Iranian herbal plants, to address this prevalent health condition.  }, Keywords = {Iron deficiency anaemia, Vitamin C, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {10-15}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.6}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Dawoud, Azz}, title = {Acute Dermal Toxicity Study of Aloe sinkatana}, abstract ={Objective: Aloe sinkatana is a Sudanese medicinal plant that grows naturally in Eastern Sudan in the Red Sea Mountains, mainly in the Sinkat area, where it is popularly used extensively by residents of the region to treat skin diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Aloe sinkatana for topical application via acute dermal toxicity analyses. Methods: Acute dermal toxicity was studied Based on the Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals by Appling 2000 mg/kg body weight of plant extract on the shaved area of dorsal skin of rats, only once on the first day of the study. The study period was set at 14 days, and all rats were observed every day for behavioral (salivation, tremors, convulsions, diarrhea, and lethargy) and respiratory alterations, as well as for mortality and changes in their fur, eyes, and mucous membranes. Results: Results showed, there were no poisonous symptoms or mortality throughout the trial period; there were also no changes in the eyes, mucous membranes, skin and fur, behavior patterns, salivation, lethargy, sleep, diarrhea, coma, or tremors. No significant alterations in behavior, skin impacts, respiration, inability to consume food or water, abnormal postural changes, or hair loss were observed in any of the rats. Conclusion: This research presents the first report on the safety of topical application of Aloe sinkatana plant extract, supporting its application in traditional Sudanese medicine in treatment of multiple skin diseases especially for psoriasis. therefore, it has the potential to be developed into a suitable safe and effective pharmaceutical formula used to treat psoriasis.}, Keywords = {,Aloe sinkatana,Dermatological studies,Extracts,Medicinal plant,Toxicity}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {16-23}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.2}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {EishiOskuie, Ali and KumarMandal, Sudip}, title = {Herbal Therapy in Leukemia: A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective on Blood Cancer}, abstract ={Objective: Leukemia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. It is a group of cancers that typically start in the bone marrow and result in the production of large numbers of abnormal white blood cells. These white blood cells do not fully develop and are referred to as "blasts" or "leukemic cells," also known as blood cancer. Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine for cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to identify the most important medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of leukemia. Methodology: This review article was conducted by searching for keywords such as "medicinal plants" and "blood cancer" in databases such as Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant articles were selected for the literature review. Results: Medicinal plants such as Periwinkle (Vinca), Chili, Yew, Mistletoe, Night Jasmine, Vernonia, Methi, Devil's Claw, Snake Root, Marsh Apple, Olive, and Mexican Sunflower have been used in the treatment of leukemia. Conclusion: Medicinal plants are rich in plant antioxidants and possess anti-leukemic properties due to their bioactive compounds.  }, Keywords = {Cancer, Leukemia, Medicinal plants, Treatment}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {24-28}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.4}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Farajzadeh‑Memari‑Tabrizi, Elnaz and Yousefpour-Dokhanieh, Afsaneh and Babashpour-Asl, Marzieh}, title = {Exploring the Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extracts from Capsicum annuum, Hypericum helianthemoides, and Dianthus orientalis}, abstract ={Objective: Antioxidants, whether produced naturally within the body or obtained from external sources, are crucial in safeguarding health by defending cells from the damage caused by oxidative stress. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring in medicinal plants, possess significant antioxidant properties and are gaining widespread attention for their health benefits. Numerous studies have explored the antioxidant capacities of various plant species. In this study, we investigate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from Capsicum annuum, Hypericum helianthemoides, and Dianthus orientalis Adams. Materials & Methods: The aerial parts of the plants were first dried and finely ground. Methanolic extracts were prepared by combining the plant material with methanol. The total antioxidant capacity of the extracts was then determined using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power [FRAP] assay. The results were measured at a wavelength of 570 nm using an ELISA reader. Results: Our findings revealed that the methanolic extracts of Hypericum helianthemoides, Capsicum annuum, and Dianthus orientalis Adams exhibited maximum total antioxidant capacities of 2.79, 2.48, and 1.96 mmol Fe²⁺/L, respectively. Conclusion: The findings from this study highlight the significant antioxidant capacities of methanolic extracts derived from Capsicum annuum, Hypericum helianthemoides, and Dianthus orientalis Adams. These plants demonstrated strong potential in reducing oxidative stress, a key factor in the prevention of various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Given their substantial antioxidant activity, these plants could be further explored for development into natural therapeutic agents or incorporated into functional foods and nutraceuticals. Additionally, their incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations could provide a natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants, offering fewer side effects and promoting better consumer health. Future research should focus on identifying the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these antioxidant properties and investigating their mechanisms of action in clinical settings.  }, Keywords = {Antioxidants,Medicinal plants,Methanolic extracts,Capsicum annuum,Hypericum helianthemoides,Dianthus orientalis Adams}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {30-37}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.9}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Saghabashi, Ahdiyeh and Sadeghi, Atena and Ghodratie, Mohammad and hatami, Hosna and AlaviRostami, Seyedeh Faride and Yazdehi, Mahdi and Mahmoudi, Ebrahim and Najafi, Saina and Mottaghiyan, Zahr}, title = {Antimicrobial Potential of Satureja Species: A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Molecular Mechanisms}, abstract ={Objective: The genus Satureja [Lamiaceae], commonly referred to as savory, has been traditionally valued for its medicinal properties, particularly its antimicrobial activity. Methodology: Methodology: In this review study, the key words satureja, antimicrobial resistance, antibiotics, carvacrol, thymol, multidrug-resistant were used to search for articles. Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scopus were used for searching. Results: Various species of Satureja are rich in bioactive compounds such as thymol, carvacrol, and terpenoids, which exhibit strong antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. These essential oils primarily act by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting biofilm formation, and interfering with bacterial metabolism and DNA replication. This review critically examines the antimicrobial properties of nine Satureja species, focusing on their bioactive compounds, molecular mechanisms, and potential applications. Conclusion: Given the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the therapeutic potential of Satureja is discussed in the context of alternative antimicrobial strategies and industrial applications.  }, Keywords = {Satureja,Antimicrobial resistance,Antibiotics,Carvacrol,Thymol,Multidrug-resistant}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {39-49}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.1}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Khalili, Naser and Parsaei, Pouy}, title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Cardiac Arrhythmia: Natural Agents for Heart Health and Their Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Cardiac arrhythmia is a medical diagnosis based on an irregular heart rhythm. In patients with cardiac arrhythmia, there is a disruption in the electrical conduction between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node. Arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, refers to issues with the heart’s speed or rhythm. The heartbeat can be too fast, too slow, or irregular. The use of medicinal plants as a natural and complementary approach to managing and preventing cardiac arrhythmias has attracted the attention of many researchers and health professionals. The purpose of this study is to identify medicinal plants used in the management and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and to explore their potential mechanisms of action. Methods: In this review study, articles were searched using key terms such as "medicinal plants," "Iran," "arrhythmia," and "traditional medicine." Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scopus, as well as traditional medicine texts, were used for the search. Results: Medicinal plants such as yarrow (Achillea millefolium), pear (Pyrus communis), grape (Vitis vinifera), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), beet (Beta vulgaris), almond (Prunus dulcis), sesame (Sesamum indicum), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), cinnamon (Cinnamomum), hawthorn (Crataegus), sidr (Ziziphus spina-christi), lavender (Lavandula), garlic (Allium sativum), and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) are among the most important medicinal plants traditionally used in Iran to manage cardiac arrhythmias. Conclusion: Studies suggest that the medicinal plants used in traditional Iranian medicine, due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties, can serve as a complementary approach in managing cardiac arrhythmias. Using these plants, particularly in the early stages of arrhythmia and under medical supervision, may help regulate heart rhythm and promote heart health. Further clinical research is necessary to confirm and better understand the mechanisms of action of these plants.  }, Keywords = {Heart, Cardiovascular disease, Arrhythmia, Medicinal plants, Treatment}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {50-55}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.8}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Seydi, Foroozesh and Soltanbeigi, Amir and Pourrahim, Alireza and Asadzadeh, Rez}, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Utilized for the Management of Prostate Disorders in Abdanan city, Ilam Province, Western Iran}, abstract ={Objective: One of the common diseases among men is prostate problems, which include benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. For centuries, medicinal plants have served as integral components in the management of prostate disorders, providing natural alternatives to conventional therapies. In this regard, using local and ethnobotanical knowledge in a region like Ilam can help to identify effective medicinal plants for these diseases. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and investigating medicinal plants effective on the prostate in Abdanan city from an ethnobotanical point of view. Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative method and through semi-structured interviews with 25 traditional healers in Abdanan city (Ilam province, western Iran). The collected information included the names of the plants, how to use them, the parts of the plant used and their therapeutic effects on the prostate. Data analysis was done using quantitative analysis and qualitative content. Results: The results showed that 10 types of medicinal plants in Abdanan city are known to be effective on prostate problems. Among the identified plants, we can mention clover, rose hip, chicory, yarrow, stinging nettle, camelthorn, flaxseed, puncture vine, borage, and hollyhock. Clover and rose hip plant with UR (usage report index) equal to 9, RFC (relative frequency of citation) equal to 0.62 and PFU (percentage of frequency of use) equal to 34.6% are the most medicinal plants used for prostate in Abdanan region. Conclusion: The indigenous and ethnobotanical knowledge of Abdanan city shows that medicinal plants can be used as effective therapeutic supplements in the management of prostate problems. The findings suggest a potential for developing herbal-based treatments as complementary approaches.  }, Keywords = {Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Prostate, Water bodies, Traditional medicine}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {56-68}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.7}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Hamzeh, Fatemeh and Razmjoue, Damou}, title = {Herbal Therapy for Sleep Improvement: A Review of Herbal Insomnia Mechanisms}, abstract ={Objective: Insomnia or sleep disorders refer to conditions characterized by insufficient sleep, difficulty falling asleep, or sudden awakenings during the night. These issues can be distressing for some individuals and significantly affect their daily functioning. While various factors contribute to insomnia, scientific research continues to explore the body’s need for sleep and its underlying causes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of medicinal plants on sleep improvement and the treatment of insomnia. In this research, the mechanisms influencing insomnia and how Iranian medicinal plants impact sleep quality are analyzed and reported. Methodology: For this review, key terms such as medicinal plants, traditional medicine, native Iranian plants, insomnia, and sleep treatment were used. Relevant articles were searched from reputable scientific databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additionally, specialized resources such as reference books, encyclopedias, and online sources were consulted for data collection. All available articles and resources were carefully examined and analyzed to identify medicinal plants used in traditional Iranian medicine to improve sleep. Results: Traditional Iranian medicine offers a range of herbal remedies for sleep improvement and insomnia. Notable plants include saffron, thyme, lavender, pear, sage, rosemary, eucalyptus leaves, mint, ginger, lemon balm, cinnamon, chamomile, passionflower, jujube, hops, violet flower, borage, bitter orange, milk thistle, wild lettuce, green tea, and bitter orange, all of which are part of Iran’s native flora used in traditional treatments. Conclusion: The findings of this review demonstrate that medicinal plants are recognized as natural and safe treatments for insomnia and sleep enhancement. These plants primarily exert their effects by regulating the central nervous system, reducing anxiety and stress, and enhancing melatonin production.  }, Keywords = {Herbal remedies, insomnia, traditional medicine, sleep treatment, anxiety, melatonin, central nervous system}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {70-75}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.11}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Keshavarzian, Sahar and Arjmand, Marzieh and Rezanejad, Armita and KholghiEshkalak, Saeideh}, title = {Electrophysiology of Pelargonium hortorum: How Light, Water, Music, and Temperature Affect Electrophysiological Signals}, abstract ={Objective: The increasing interest in plant electrophysiology stems from the need to understand the complex signaling mechanisms that enable plants to perceive and respond to their environment. The main hypothesis is that changes in soil humidity, light intensity, and temperature will significantly impact plant signaling, whereas exposure to music will have a minimal effect. Methods: To investigate this, geranium plants were subjected to controlled variations in environmental conditions, and their electrophysiological activity was measured using AgCl electrodes and an ECG Arduino kit. Results: The results revealed that increased soil humidity triggered a rapid, short-term spike in electrical signals, indicating a swift response to water availability. Conversely, elevated light intensity resulted in a gradual, long-term increase in electrical activity, reflecting a sustained response to light changes. Additionally, higher temperatures caused a prolonged increase in electrophysiological responses, demonstrating the plants' ability to detect ambient temperature changes. Interestingly, exposure to music, specifically classical music at moderate frequencies, did not significantly alter the plants' electrical activity, suggesting it does not directly affect plant physiology. Conclusion: These findings contribute to our understanding of plant neurobiology and the complex mechanisms through which plants interact with environmental stimuli. The results could have practical applications in optimizing greenhouse conditions and pave the way for future research on how plants perceive and adapt to their environment.}, Keywords = {Electrophysiology,Bioelectricity,Geranium,Signal Monitoring,AgCl electrode}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {76-83}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.4}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Shariati, Akram and Lysiuk, Rom}, title = {Phytotherapy in Atherosclerosis: A Review of the Most Important Medicinal Plants Effective in Atherosclerosis in Iranian Traditional Medicine and Their Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid plaques and other substances on the walls of arteries, which can lead to narrowing and blockage of blood vessels, ultimately resulting in cardiovascular problems. This condition is associated with factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and genetic predispositions. Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in modern societies, necessitating the development of effective treatment and preventive methods. The aim of this review is to examine the most important medicinal plants used in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of atherosclerosis, and to analyze their mechanisms of action in preventing and treating this disease. Methodology: The present review study utilized keywords such as medicinal plants, traditional medicine, indigenous plants of Iran, and atherosclerosis. The articles were searched through academic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as specialized sources such as reference books, encyclopedias, and online research resources. Results: The medicinal plants identified as being most effective in the treatment of atherosclerosis in Iranian traditional medicine include Equisetum arvense, Citrus limon, Curcuma longa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Crataegus monogyna, Zingiber officinale, Capsicum annuum, Hypericum perforatum, Anethum graveolens, Petroselinum crispum, Salvia officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Brassica oleracea, Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Lactuca sativa, Spinacia oleracea, Cucurbita pepo, Camellia sinensis, Cichorium intybus, Rhus coriaria, Medicago sativa, Mentha piperita, Linum usitatissimum, Malus domestica, Chelidonium majus, Satureja hortensis, Allium cepa, Portulaca oleracea, Glycine max, and Coriandrum sativum. Conclusion: Medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine, with their active compounds that possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering properties, play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. These plants are particularly effective in reducing inflammation, improving vascular function, and preventing the accumulation of lipid plaques, thus contributing to the improvement of atherosclerosis. However, clinical studies and extensive trials are needed to confirm the therapeutic effects and optimal dosages of these plants, enabling their use as complementary therapeutic options in the management of atherosclerosis.}, Keywords = {Chronic disease, cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, medicinal plants, traditional medicine, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {84-91}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.9}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Meisam and Shahbazi, Shahin and Abbasi, Naser}, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Loranthus europaeus Fruit Using FTIR, HS-SPME, and HPLC Methods, and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Loranthus europaeus Against Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, abstract ={Objective: As the use of antibiotics continues to rise and resistance to them becomes more widespread, there has been a growing interest in natural treatments that may offer lower resistance and fewer side effects. Methods: This study focused on analyzing the essential oil of Loranthus europaeus Jacq. fruit using various methods, including HS-SPME, GC-MS, FTIR, and HPLC. The antimicrobial effects of the fruit extract were tested against common bacterial pathogens like Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fruits of L. europaeus were gathered from the mountains of Ilam, dried, and then used to prepare both essential oil and hydroalcoholic extracts. The chemical composition of these extracts was analyzed through Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: The compound phytol was found to make up 16.25% of the hydroalcoholic extract. The IR spectrum revealed 27 distinct bands, indicating the presence of various chemical compounds with different stretching and bending vibrations. HPLC results identified rutin as the main compound in the hydroalcoholic extract, with a concentration of 223 μg/mL. In terms of antimicrobial activity, the extract exhibited an MIC of 20.62 μg/mL and an MBC of 330 μg/mL, though its effectiveness was lower compared to standard antibiotics like gentamicin and colistin. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that L. europaeus contains a variety of chemical compounds that may have antimicrobial properties. While the antimicrobial activity of the extract was less potent than that of conventional antibiotics, it still shows promise as a natural alternative for combating bacterial infections. These results could pave the way for further research on the potential therapeutic use of medicinal plants in treating bacterial diseases.  }, Keywords = {Antibacterial, Phytochemistry, GC-SPME, HPLC, Rutin, Loranthus europaeus Jacq}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {93-102}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.12}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Aghaei, Mahsa and Manesh, Asma Hosseini}, title = {Phytotherapy for Healing of Invasive Infectious Lesions of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Effective Medicinal Plants and Analysis of Their Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin disease caused by the Leishmania parasite, prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions. Current treatment options include various chemical drugs that often come with side effects and limited effectiveness. Recently, there has been growing interest in medicinal plants as alternative treatments for this disease. Due to their natural compounds, medicinal plants may offer effective solutions with minimal side effects. This study aims to review and assess the medicinal plants effective against cutaneous leishmaniasis, providing a comprehensive overview of the identified plants and their active compounds that could be beneficial in treating this condition. Methods: In this review study, keywords such as Leishmania, leishmaniasis, traditional medicine, medicinal plants, and treatment were searched in databases like Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and Scopus. Irrelevant articles were excluded, and relevant articles were selected for literature review. Results: Based on the findings, several medicinal plants such as Urtica dioica, Ferula assa-foetida, Artemisia absinthium, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus globulus, Achillea millefolium, Lavandula angustifolia, Myrtus communis, Satureja Khuzestanica, Onosma dichroanthum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Quercus spp., Cassia spp., Capparis spinosa, Linum usitatissimum, Ricinus communis, Juglans regia, Thymus vulgaris, Lawsonia inermis, Mimosa pudica, Aloe vera, Vigna mungo, Berberis vulgaris, Matricaria chamomilla, and Curcuma longa are identified as effective for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. The families Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, with a frequency of 16%, have the highest representation among the samples, indicating their significance. Other families account for smaller percentages of the overall data. The natural compounds in medicinal plants play a vital role in boosting the immune system, reducing inflammation, and inhibiting parasite growth. These compounds, with antioxidant properties, apoptosis induction in parasites, and anti-inflammatory effects, help cleanse the digestive system and improve general body health. Conclusion: This study indicates that various medicinal plants, particularly from the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families, could serve as effective treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The natural compounds in these plants significantly enhance immune function, reduce inflammation, and inhibit parasite growth, leading to notable improvements in general health and disease control. Hence, further research is necessary to identify and utilize these plants in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.}, Keywords = {Parasite, Leishmania, Cutaneus Leishmaniasis, Medicinal plants, Lesion, Treatment}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {104-110}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.10}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Etemadi, Navid and Froushani, Seyyed Meysam Abtahi and Zangeneh, Akram and Zangeneh, Mohammad Mehdi and Pirnejad-Talatapeh, Ali and Abangah, Ghobad and KakiSahne, Siavosh and Ehteshamfar, Shahi}, title = {The Effect of Silver Nanoparticles of Aqueous Extract of Artemisia dracunculus on the Prevention of Gastric Ulcer Induced by Ethanol in Rats}, abstract ={Objectives: One of the application areas of nanobiotechnology is the use of silver nanoparticles (Nanosilver particles) for a new solution in medical treatments. In the present study, we investigate the effect of nano silver particles of the aqueous extract of Artemisia aucheri on skin wound healing among male rats. Material and Methods: After creating wounds in 48 rats, they were randomly divided into 6 groups. treatment with 0.2% AgNPs ointment, treatment with 0.2% AgSO4 ointment, treatment with 0.2% A. aucheri ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, and untreated control. The tested groups were treated for ten days. Results: Treatment with AgNPs ointment significantly increased the amount of vascular contraction, hexose amine and hydroxyproline, and fibrocyte and fibrocyte to fibroblast ratio. Also, in the mentioned group, the wound area and the total number of cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes decreased significantly compared to other groups.  Conclusion: The nano silver particles of the aqueous extract of A. aucheri accelerate the healing process of skin wounds and reduce the time required for complete wound healing.  }, Keywords = {Gastric ulcer , Ethanol , A. dracunculus (AgNP)}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {111-118}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.1}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Zolfigol, Ali and Eftekhari, Zohre}, title = {Cichorium intybus: A Medicinal Plant in the Phytotherapeutic Management of Neonatal Jaundice}, abstract ={Cichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory, is a medicinal herb with a long history of use in traditional Iranian medicine. Among its numerous therapeutic properties, chicory is particularly noted for its hepatoprotective effects, which may offer valuable support in the management of neonatal jaundice. Neonatal jaundice is a prevalent condition in newborns, characterized by an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream, which, if left untreated, can lead to severe complications such as kernicterus, brain damage, and long-term cognitive and motor impairments. The active constituents of chicory, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and inulin, are known for their potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactive compounds play a crucial role in enhancing liver function by promoting the elimination of bilirubin, improving its metabolism, and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, chicory has choleretic properties, stimulating bile production, which is vital for the excretion of bilirubin. Although preclinical studies have shown promising results, it is essential to conduct more rigorous clinical trials to establish the most effective dosage, safety profile, and therapeutic potential of chicory for neonatal jaundice. Further research will be pivotal in determining its role as a complementary treatment option in managing this common yet serious neonatal condition.  }, Keywords = {Infants, Jaundice, Bilirubin, Herbal therapy, Traditional medicine, Remedy}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {119-121}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.2}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-229-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-229-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Dawoud, Azza and Dawoud, Dali}, title = {Sudanese Medicinal Plants for Enhancing Lactation: Integrating Traditional Knowledge and Scientific Evidence}, abstract ={Objective: This review aims to integrate traditional Sudanese knowledge and scientific evidence regarding medicinal plants used to stimulate lactation in nursing mothers. It focuses on the botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological profiles of commonly used galactagogues in Sudan, highlighting their mechanisms of action and potential for integration into primary healthcare. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed articles, ethnobotanical surveys, and clinical reports from 2000 to 2025. Keywords included "Sudanese medicinal plants," "galactagogue," "lactation support," and "traditional herbal medicine." Studies were selected based on their relevance to Sudanese flora and evidence of lactogenic effects, including experimental and clinical data. Results: The review identifies about ten medicinal plants traditionally used in Sudan to enhance milk production, including Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), Sesamum indicum (sesame), Adansonia digitata (baobab), and Nigella sativa (black cumin). These plants exhibit diverse phytochemical compositions such as saponins, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, and essential fatty acids that act through prolactin stimulation, estrogenic activity, and nutritional support. Despite promising ethnomedical use and preliminary scientific evidence, most of these galactagogues lack standardized formulations, clinical validation, and regulatory oversight. Integrating validated herbal galactagogues into primary healthcare systems presents a culturally acceptable and operationally viable solution to support lactation, especially in resource-limited Sudanese communities. Conclusion: Sudanese medicinal plants hold significant potential as natural lactation enhancers. However, their incorporation into maternal health strategies requires further clinical research, phytochemical standardization, and supportive health policy frameworks.  }, Keywords = {,Sudan,medicinal plants,lactation,galactagogues,traditional medicine,maternal health}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.1}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {s, Bhargavi and BS, Ashok Kumar and A, Chaithanya and PM, Hem}, title = {A Review on Exploring the Medicinal Potential of Murraya koenigii: Photochemistry, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Benefits}, abstract ={Objective: Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii) are tiny, fragrant deciduous tree native to tropical and subtropical regions. Known for its aromatic leaves It is extensively utilized in culinary dishes and conventional treatments for its blood-thinning, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory properties, alongside its role in fragrance and oil industries. Methodology: A complete database search was undertaken using terms such as' pharmacology ' 'antidiabetics,' 'anticancer,' ‘Murraya koenigii’, ‘photochemistry’ to locate relevant material. Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized to look for relevant publications, particularly ethnobotanical research on the issue. Result:  In traditional medicine, plant extracts such as M. koenigii have been found to have healing properties. M. koenigii, originating from India, has been found in various parts and is rich in compounds that exhibit potent biological processes, such as antioxidant, anti diabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Conclusion: M. koenigii, a plant with medicinal properties, contains bioactive compounds with anticancer and health-promoting effects, including cancer prevention, immune system modulation, antioxidant effects, and neurological disorders.sa}, Keywords = {Murraya Koenigii Linn,Photochemistry,anticancer,antidiabetics,pharmacology}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {12-28}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.13}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Joudi, Zahr}, title = {Review on Treating Children\'s Appetite Loss Using Natural and Herbal Methods}, abstract ={Objective: Anorexia in children is a common nutritional issue that can adversely affect their growth and overall health. The use of natural methods and medicinal plants in traditional medicine has gained attention as a safe and effective approach to address this concern. This study aims to identify medicinal plants effective in treating childhood anorexia, based on the rich knowledge and documentation of traditional medicine. Methodology: This review article was conducted by searching for key terms related to medicinal plants, traditional medicine, children, appetite stimulants, and anorexia in databases such as Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant articles were selected for literature review. Results: In Iranian traditional medicine, several medicinal plants are considered effective appetite stimulants for children. These include lemon, rosemary, thyme, ginger, wheat, tarragon, black pepper, golpar, mint, oregano, coriander, fennel, potato, olive, pomegranate, fig, carrot, garlic, cinnamon, saffron, yarrow, wild thyme, chicory, turmeric, fenugreek, balm, horseradish, and aloe vera. These plants are part of the significant herbal flora in Iran and have been traditionally used to stimulate appetite in children. Conclusion: Treating childhood anorexia with medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine is recognized as a safe and effective method. Due to their appetite-stimulating properties and digestive benefits, these herbs can contribute to enhancing appetite and improving the nutritional intake of children. Further research is needed to confirm the clinical effects of these plants.  }, Keywords = {Children, Appetite loss, Medicinal plants, Growth and health, Natural treatment}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {29-35}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.8}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Saki, Koroush and Pourrahim, Alirez}, title = {Ethnobotanical Investigation of Traditional Pediatric Sedative and Anti-Stress Herbal Teas in Ilam City, Western Iran: Cultural Practices and Therapeutic Applications}, abstract ={Objective: The pediatric population represents one of the most vulnerable demographic groups in healthcare systems due to ongoing physical, cognitive, and emotional development. Children’s unique physiological and developmental characteristics necessitate tailored therapeutic approaches, especially when addressing stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Traditional knowledge systems have long embraced the use of herbal teas prepared from locally available botanicals, whose safety profiles have been validated through generations of use. This study was conducted to identify, document, and investigate the medicinal plants employed for sedative and anti-stress purposes in children by the indigenous communities of Ilam City, western Iran through an ethnobotanical lens. Methodology: A cross-sectional ethnobotanical survey was conducted in city of Ilam, western Iran. Data were collected via semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires with 25 traditional healers and herbal practitioners selected for their expertise and community recognition. Herbarium specimens of the cited plants were then authenticated at the Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Quantitative analysis, including Use Report (UR), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), and PFU were employed to assess the cultural significance and therapeutic relevance of the identified species. Results: The survey revealed 14 medicinal plant species used as pediatric sedative and anti-stress herbal teas, spanning 9 botanical families. Among these, families such as Lamiaceae dominated the practice, with leaves being the most commonly utilized plant part (35%) and infusion the predominant method of preparation (50%). Among the identified botanicals, several notable species include Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha piperita, Echium amoenum, Crocus sativus, Cinnamomum verum, Valeriana officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Camellia sinensis, Zingiber officinale, Origanum majorana, and Foeniculum vulgare. Echium amoenum emerged as the leading candidate with a Usage Report (UR) of 8, Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) of 0.32, and a Percentage of Frequency of Use (PFU) of 32.0%, underscoring its cultural prominence and therapeutic claim in the region. Conclusion: This study highlights the rich ethnobotanical heritage of Ilam City, demonstrating that locally used pediatric sedative and anti-stress herbal teas represent a viable, culturally integrated alternative to conventional pediatric therapies. The findings underscore the importance of preserving traditional knowledge and suggest that further scientific validation of these plant-based remedies could contribute to safer therapeutic options in pediatric healthcare.  }, Keywords = {Children, Stress, Relaxation, Medicinal plants, Ethnobotany, Ilam, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {36-48}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.2.3}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-232-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-232-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {HooshmandGarehbagh, Laya and Tahmasebi, Masoumeh}, title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: An Ethnobotanical Survey in Southern Iran}, abstract ={Objective: Hyperlipidemia refers to a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of lipids (fats) in the blood. This disorder typically involves elevated triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, commonly known as "bad cholesterol," which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, strokes, and other serious health issues. This ethnobotanical review aims to identify medicinal plants used in the ethnobotanical knowledge of southern Iran for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Methodology: In this review, articles were searched using keywords such as medicinal plants, ethnobotany, hyperlipidemia, and the names of the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Fars, and Kerman. For source collection, reliable databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were consulted. Relevant ethnobotanical studies were selected and used in the analysis. Results: The study found that the following medicinal plants are used in the ethnobotanical knowledge of southern Iran to treat hyperlipidemia: Lepidium latifolium L., Cichorium intybus L., Achillea millefolium L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Arum elongatum subsp. alpinariae Alpinar & R.R. Mill, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Rheum ribes L., Amygdalus lycioides Spach, Amygdalus scoparia, Withania somnifera, Caralluma edulis, Rumex acetosa L., Coriandrum sativum, Allium sativum, Sesamum indicum, Anethum graveolens L., Anthriscus sylvestris, Gundelia tourneforti L., Tragopogon aureus Boiss, Trigonella foenumgraecum L., Solanum nigrum L., Phoenix dactylifera L., Achillea eriophora DC., Artemisia sieberi Besser, Bienertia cycloptera, and Teucrium polium L. The leaves of these medicinal plants are the most commonly used plant part for lowering blood lipids. Conclusion: This study highlighted the widespread use of various medicinal plants in southern Iran's ethnobotanical knowledge for reducing blood lipids. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of these plants in managing hyperlipidemia. However, clinical and pharmacological studies are essential to confirm the efficacy and safety of these herbal compounds.  }, Keywords = {Hyperlipidemia, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {49-57}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.12}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-285-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-285-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {s, Bhargavi and BS, Ashok Kumar and PM, Hem}, title = {A Review on Emerging Trends in Biologic Drugs and Biosimilars}, abstract ={Objective: Biologic medications have greatly improved the management of complex and chronic illnesses by providing targeted, specific, and less-toxic therapies in comparison to traditional small-molecule medications. These protein-based, large therapies derived from living organisms are at the forefront of managing cancer, autoimmune diseases, and orphan diseases. As the patents for key biologics expire, biosimilars—hypothesized copies that are very similar and cheaper—are becoming increasingly important as a plausible alternative, improving affordability and treatment access. Methodology: The review aggregates current peer-reviewed journals, international regulatory guidelines, and pharmaceutical market reports released between 2015 and 2025. The review targets technological advancements, regulatory updates, and market trends that affect biologics and biosimilars. Sources were picked on grounds of relevance, credibility, and additive value towards the dynamic trend of biopharmaceuticals. Results: Emerging technologies like monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, gene therapy, and cell-based therapies are broadening the therapeutic applications of biologics. Adoption of biosimilars is growing across the world, especially in Europe, with gathering momentum in the United States and developing nations. Bodies like the FDA and EMA have launched formalized approval pathways to ascertain biosimilar safety and efficacy. Nonetheless, regulatory hurdles remain in production, immunogenic risk, and gaining wider market acceptance. Conclusion: Biologics and biosimilars are the wave of the future in disease management, promising new solutions for daunting health problems. Despite regulatory and production hurdles, further innovation in biotechnology and public policy can be anticipated to propel their broad implementation. They have the potential to improve patient outcomes and lower health care costs globally.  }, Keywords = {Biologic drugs,monoclonal antibodies,gene therapy,precision medicine,Regulatory landscape}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {58-67}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.58}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-312-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-312-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Mkangara, Mwanaish}, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Ethyl acetate and Chloroform extracts of Aloe rabaiensis Rendle}, abstract ={Objective: Plants have been a good source of lead compounds for nutraceutical and therapeutic potentials against ailments of human and animal importance since the introduction of man on earth. The lead compounds continue to be precursors in developing drugs with insignificant side effects and replace synthetic medicines. Several phytochemical compounds have been reported in different species of Aloe belonging to the family Asphodelaceae. The established phytoconstituents from the genus Aloe possess several activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties. However, there is limited information related to phytochemicals from Aloe rabaiensis Rendle. Methods: This is the first study investigating the phytoconstituents in A. rabaiensis from Tanzania. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of A. rabaiensis leaf extracts was performed using GC-MS equipment (Agilent Technologies) to identify the phytochemical constituents. Results: The GC-MS analysis demonstrated the presence of fourteen and six compounds from the leaf’s ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of A. rabaiensis, respectively. The compounds belong to different classes, including amines, esters, carboxylic acid, ketone, phenol, alkane and alcohol. No common compound(s) was/were identified from both extracts. Conclusion: The identified phytoconstituents, backed with reported ethnomedical and ethnoveterinary use of A. rabaiensis, are evidence, thus, significant precursors for drug development.}, Keywords = {A. rabaiensis,GC-MS,Phytoconstituents,Pharmacological properties,Plant extract}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {68-77}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.68}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-209-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-209-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Ghazizadeh, Farid and Khalili, Naser}, title = {Hypertension Treatment in Central Iran with Medicinal Plants: A Review of Ethnobotanical Evidence from Iran}, abstract ={Objective: Hypertension refers to the abnormal elevation of blood pressure in the arterial walls and can lead to serious conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, atherosclerosis, eye disorders, and stroke. The aim of this study was to identify medicinal plants in central Iran that are used to treat high blood pressure. Methods: In this review study, articles were searched using key terms such as "medicinal plants," "blood pressure," "ethnobotany," "Iran," "Esfahan province," "Fars," "Yazd," "Central," "Qom," "Alborz," and "Semnan." Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, MegaIran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized for the search. Ethnobotanical articles in this field were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The results indicate that certain medicinal plants are effective in controlling high blood pressure and treating hypertension. Medicinal plants such as Ajuga chamaecistus, Salvia, Crataegus atrosanguinea, Artemisia dranculus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Zea mays, Portulaca oleracea, Solanum melongena, Crataegus monogyna, Tragopogon graminifoliu, Rheum × hybridum, Phoenix dactylifera, Cichorium intybus, Silybum marianum, Olea europaea, Rumex crispus, Ziziphus jujuba, and Anthemis gayana have shown efficacy in reducing high blood pressure and may be used as natural treatments to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: The use of various medicinal plants in central Iran can be considered as an effective and natural treatment for controlling high blood pressure. These plants, in addition to lowering blood pressure, serve as a preventive option against cardiovascular diseases. However, further studies are required to validate the clinical effects and safety of these plants in hypertension treatment.}, Keywords = {Hypertension, Medicinal plants, Ethnobotany, Treatment, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {78-86}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.10}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-281-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-281-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {s, Bhargavi and BS, Ashok Kumar and PM, Hema and HS, Mamath}, title = {From Fruit to Pharma: A Review on the Phytochemicals, Extraction Methods, and Pharmacological Potential of Citrullus lanatus}, abstract ={Objective: Watermelon, a tropical fruit with high water content, is rich in phytochemicals like cucurbitacins, flavonoids, glycosides, carotenoids, polyphenols, and amino acids. These compounds have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, and can help control blood pressure, glucose levels, and lipid metabolism. Methodology: A complete database search was undertaken using terms such as' pharmacology','extraction methods,' ' nutrition profile,' ‘Citrullus lanatus’, ‘phytochemistry’ to locate relevant material. Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized to look for relevant publications, particularly ethnobotanical research on the issue. Results: Watermelon exhibits a range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-ulcer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, laxative, and anticancer properties. The study emphasizes the need for effective and environmentally friendly extraction techniques, including supercritical fluid and ultrasound-assisted extraction, to separate bioactive components from watermelon Conclusion:  Environmentally friendly extraction methods and further research could advance its potential as a plant-based medication.}, Keywords = {Citrullus lanatus,phytochemicals,Pharmacology,extraction methods,nutrition value}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {87-104}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.87}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Isah, Mustaph}, title = {Zeolite as An Efficient Nanocarrier and Its Applications: A Mini Review}, abstract ={Objective: Nanoparticles possess significant potential across a wide array of applications; however, their unencapsulated deployment is impeded by various challenges, including aggregation, instability, and toxicity. Zeolites, which are crystalline aluminosilicate minerals, have surfaced as promising carriers to mitigate these issues, thereby enhancing the stability, functionality, and targeting capabilities of nanomaterials. Methods: The relevant literatures were searched from the google scholar, web of science (WOS), Scopus and PubMed data bases transverse from the year 2013 to 2024 with search keywords switching from zeolite, nano zeolite, nanoparticles to nanocomposite applications.    Results: The unique microporous architecture, extensive surface area, and remarkable stability of zeolites render them suitable for applications within the biomedical, environmental, and industrial domains. In the field of biomedicine, zeolites facilitate targeted drug delivery by leveraging their pH-responsive characteristics to release therapeutic agents consequently improving therapeutic efficacy whilst reducing adverse effects. Furthermore, zeolites are conducive to theragnostic applications, which integrate both diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities. In the context of environmental remediation, nano-zeolites proficiently eliminate pollutants via mechanisms including ion-exchange, sorption, and photodegradation, with green synthesis methodologies further promoting their sustainability. In industrial sector, zeolites serve as catalysts, wherein the incorporation of metal nanoparticles into their frameworks enhances catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and stability. In agricultural settings, these materials enable delivery of nutrients and agrochemicals, thereby fostering sustainable practices. Moreover, their application in gas delivery systems, such as the transport of nitric oxide and carbon dioxide, underscores their versatility in biomedical environments. Nevertheless, their extensive applicability, challenges pertaining to scalable synthesis and cost-effectiveness necessitate attention. Conclusion: This review accentuates the transformative potential of zeolites as multifunctional nanocarriers, thereby paving the way for innovations within the biomedical, environmental, and industrial sectors.  }, Keywords = {,Nanoparticles,carriers,zeolite,nano zeolite,applications}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {105-114}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.3}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Changaee, Farahnaz}, title = {The Role of Native Medicinal Plants in Supporting Pregnancy Health: A Traditional Medicine Approach with Their Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Pregnancy is a critical period requiring special attention to both maternal and fetal health. The selection of effective and safe treatments for addressing pregnancy-related complications is of paramount importance. In this regard, medicinal plants, as a natural and complementary option within traditional medicine, have garnered increasing interest due to their potential in promoting pregnancy health and fetal development. Methodology: This review investigates the indigenous medicinal plants of Iran traditionally used to support and strengthen pregnancy. The data collection involved comprehensive searches of reputable scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as classical texts of Persian traditional medicine and credible online sources. Non-relevant studies were excluded, and only those aligned with the subject matter were critically analyzed. Results: According to the historical records and doctrines of Iranian traditional medicine, numerous herbal remedies are recommended for promoting maternal health during pregnancy. These include Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Salix aegyptiaca (willow), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn), Cuminum cyminum (green cumin), Tribulus terrestris, Urtica dioica (nettle), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Rosa damascena (damask rose), Lippia citriodora (lemon verbena), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), and Ziziphus jujuba (jujube). The beneficial properties of these herbs such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and calming effects contribute significantly to maternal well-being. Conclusion: Evidence indicates that medicinal plants can play a vital role in supporting maternal health during pregnancy. Their therapeutic actions—ranging from reducing inflammation to enhancing systemic function underscore their relevance in natural prenatal care. Nonetheless, to avoid adverse outcomes and herb-drug interactions, their use must be supervised by qualified healthcare professionals or traditional medicine specialists.  }, Keywords = {Pregnancy, Maternal Health, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Protective}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {115-123}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.5}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Oluyele, Olumide and Ezekiel, Akinyeke}, title = {Therapeutic Potentials of Persea americana Peptide: In silico and Experimental studies}, abstract ={Objective: Salmonella infections constitute a growing healthcare concern ranging from gastroenteritis to severe invasive diseases that require hospitalization. Persea americana is valued for its high nutritional content and health benefits. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of Persea americana derived seed peptide (PASP) on Salmonella-infected Wistar rats. Methods: Peptide from the plant material was obtained via aqueous extraction. Susceptibility testing of PASP against the test multi-drug-resistant Salmonella typhi was performed using standard microbiological assays. The constituents in PASP were measured via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and virtually screened against DNA gyrase B. Therapeutic effect of PASP was evaluated in-vivo using murine model, comprising seven different groups (n=3). Results: PASP elicited potent activity against the tested organism producing inhibition zone of: 22 mm at 100 mg/mL, and MIC value of 25 mg/mL. The pharmacodynamics of PASP revealed a time dependent decline in microbial cells. Amongst the constituents of PASP, Phenylalanine, Cystine, Histidine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid had the highest binding scores, with the free binding energy of these compounds’ superior to Ofloxacin. PASP had appreciable therapeutic effect on the S. typhi infected rats via alleviating signs and symptoms of infection, modulating hematological parameters PCV (44.00±0.57%), WBC (6.93±2.08x109/L), Lymphoctyes (8.46±4.08%); and had no pronounced detrimental impact on the rats’ biomarkers ALP (44.33±3.17 U/L), AST (184.66±4.05 U/L), ALT (108.33±13.17 U/L) (group administered with 25 mg/mL PASP). Conclusion: These findings provide substantial evidence on the safety and anti-Salmonella efficacy of bioactive peptide from P. americana seeds.  }, Keywords = {Persea americana seeds,peptide,Salmonella typhi,antimicrobial resistance,DNA gyrase,virtual screening}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {124-138}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.7}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Jafari, Rasool and Vazifekhah, Shabnam}, title = {The Most Effective Medicinal Plants for Toxoplasmosis-Induced Miscarriage and of Their Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which poses a serious threat during pregnancy. Maternal infection can lead to transplacental transmission, resulting in grave complications such as congenital abnormalities, premature birth, and miscarriage. Timely prevention and treatment are crucial for safeguarding the health of both mother and foetus. This review aims to identify and report medicinal plants with potential efficacy against toxoplasmosis. Methodology: A comprehensive review was conducted using keywords such as “toxoplasmosis,” “parasitic infection,” “traditional medicine,” “medicinal plants,” and “treatment.” Relevant literature was retrieved from databases including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and Scopus, as well as classical Iranian traditional medicine sources. Irrelevant studies were excluded, and the selected literature was analysed to extract pertinent findings. Results: The review identified a number of medicinal plants traditionally recognised for their antiparasitic properties and their role in enhancing the immune system. Notable among these are Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Lawsonia inermis (henna), Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain), Allium sativum (garlic), Juglans regia (walnut), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Carum carvi (black cumin), Eucalyptus spp., Ferula gummosa, Artemisia spp., Marrubium vulgare, Salvia officinalis (sage), Lippia citriodora (lemon verbena), Myrtus communis, Curcuma longa (turmeric), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), Mentha spp. (mint), Sideritis spp. (ironwort), Scrophularia striata, Allium cepa (onion), Alyssum spp., Lepidium sativum, Raphanus sativus (radish), Tagetes spp., Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Balsamodendron spp., saffron-coloured turmeric, Ginkgo biloba, Olea europaea (olive), Sophora flavescens, Melia azedarach, Zataria multiflora, Dracocephalum spp., and Stachys lavandulifolia. These plants have been documented as potentially effective agents in controlling T. gondii infections linked to miscarriage. Conclusion: The findings of this review suggest that numerous medicinal plants within the corpus of Iranian traditional medicine exhibit promising antiparasitic and immunomodulatory properties against Toxoplasma gondii. These botanicals may serve as adjunctive therapies in the management of toxoplasmosis, particularly in pregnant women. However, their use should be approached with caution and administered under professional medical supervision alongside conventional treatments to mitigate potential side effects and ensure safety.}, Keywords = {Infection, Parasite, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {139-147}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.14}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-295-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-295-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Isah, Mustaph}, title = {Recent Advancement of Nanomaterials: Properties, Fabrication, and Applications}, abstract ={Nanotechnology has revolutionized materials science, enabling the development of nanoparticles, nanocomposites and nanomaterials with superior mechanical, electrical, optical and thermal properties for applications in medicine, electronics, energy and environmental sustainability. The data were taken from recent publications available via Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. This review examines their classification, synthesis methods, key properties and applications and highlights the role of metal, metal oxide, carbon-based, polymeric and quantum dot nanoparticles in biomedicine, catalysis and nanoelectronics. Synthesis techniques are categorized into top-down (ball milling, lithography, laser ablation) and bottom-up approaches (sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition, biological synthesis), each offering unique advantages in terms of scalability and precision. Nanocomposites, including polymer-based, metal-based and ceramic-based types, incorporate nanofillers to improve mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, using fabrication methods such as in-situ polymerization. Functionalization further expands their applications in drug delivery, flexible electronics, and advanced coatings. However, challenges related to toxicity, environmental impact, scalability, and regulations persist, necessitating sustainable synthesis, AI-driven material design, and stringent ethical standards. Addressing these issues is key to unlocking nanotechnology’s full potential for next-generation industrial and scientific advancements.  }, Keywords = {Nanoparticles,Nanocomposites,Nanomaterials,Fabrication Methods,Applications}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {148-163}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.148}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-283-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-283-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Mahmoodzadeh, Hashem and Valizadeh, Mohamm}, title = {A Review of Herbal Antioxidants in the Treatment of Pediatric Urinary Frequency: A Comprehensive Study in Iranian Traditional Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Urinary frequency in children is a common issue of the urinary system, which can arise from various factors such as infections, inflammation, or neuro-muscular disorders. In Iranian traditional medicine, medicinal plants rich in antioxidant compounds have been utilized as a natural approach to reduce inflammation and improve urinary system function. This review aims to identify and report on medicinal plants effective in treating urinary frequency in children in Iranian traditional medicine. Methodology: In this review, keywords including "medicinal plants," "urinary frequency," "children," and "Iranian traditional medicine" were used for literature searches. Credible databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were employed to retrieve the relevant studies. Results: Medicinal plants such as mint, ginger, cinnamon, chamomile, lemon, green tea, marshmallow, walnut, fennel, dill, black cumin, lavender, quince seed, bindweed, valerian, Persian pomegranate, nettle, and fenugreek have been used for the treatment of urinary frequency. Conclusion: The results of this study show that several medicinal plants with antioxidant properties have been used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat urinary frequency in children. These plants, containing compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, can reduce inflammation, improve bladder function, and strengthen the immune system, thereby helping alleviate the symptoms of this disorder. However, further research is needed to confirm their efficacy and determine appropriate dosages for children.  }, Keywords = {Urinary frequency, Children, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {164-172}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.11}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {AlizadeAghdam, Hatef and Khosravi, Rahm}, title = {Medicinal Plants with Analgesic Effects in Paediatric Surgery: From Traditional Evidence to Scientific Perspectives}, abstract ={Objective: The use of medicinal herbs, plant oils, and essential oils for postoperative pain relief has a longstanding history in traditional medicine, particularly in pediatric care, where ancient physicians frequently employed such remedies. Despite their widespread application, comprehensive and systematic scientific evaluations of their efficacy in children remain limited. Preliminary evidence from traditional texts alongside select modern studies suggests a potential role for these natural treatments in managing postoperative pain. This study aims to review classical Iranian traditional medicine sources and assess the current scientific evidence regarding herbal remedies effective in reducing surgical pain in children. Methodology: This review employed a qualitative approach, gathering information from authoritative traditional medical texts such as Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Zakhireh Kharazmshahi, Tuhfeh Hakim Mo’men, and Makhzan al-Advieh. Concurrently, scientific articles were systematically searched and analyzed using keywords including “pain,” “surgery,” “children,” and “medicinal plants” across indexed academic databases. Results: Analysis revealed a diverse range of medicinal plants traditionally utilized in Iranian medicine for alleviating postoperative pain in children. Notable herbs include Borago officinalis L., Curcuma longa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Matricaria chamomilla L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Mentha piperita L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Nigella sativa L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Salvia officinalis L., Rosa spp. L., Althaea officinalis L., Ricinus communis L., Olea europaea L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. These herbs were primarily administered as gels, oils, essential oils, or through aromatherapy. Conclusion: The findings suggest that certain herbs, particularly chamomile, lavender, marshmallow, aloe vera, and peppermint, demonstrate a favorable safety profile in pediatric populations and have garnered more attention for their analgesic effects after surgery. However, despite substantial traditional documentation and preliminary scientific support, a significant lack of rigorous clinical trials impedes their full scientific acceptance. Further experimental and clinical research is imperative to establish the efficacy and safety of these herbal interventions in pediatric surgical pain management.  }, Keywords = {Post-operative pain, paediatrics, herbal medicine, aromatherapy, essential oils, Iranian traditional medicine}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.1}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Nourolahi, Sajad and Ghiasi, Nasri}, title = {Herbal Treatment of Infantile Bloating: A Review of the Most Effective Medicinal Plants for Infantile Gas Relief}, abstract ={Objective: Abdominal distension is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal disturbances in early infancy, characterized by persistent crying, restlessness, and abdominal discomfort. This condition often arises due to immature gastrointestinal function. In search of safe and natural remedies to alleviate these symptoms, traditional Iranian medicine alongside other complementary medical systems advocates the use of medicinal plants. The present study aims to review and introduce the key herbal remedies commonly employed in traditional medicine for reducing infantile colic. Methods: This review is based on a comprehensive survey and critical analysis of reputable printed and digital sources on Iranian traditional medicine, herbal pharmacopoeias, scientific articles, and electronic databases. The most significant medicinal plants demonstrated to ease abdominal distension were identified, examined, and systematically categorized. Results: According to classical texts and pharmacological references, herbal distillates derived from plants such as Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Thymus vulgaris L., Cuminum cyminum L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, Matricaria chamomilla L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Coriandrum sativum L., Melissa officinalis L., Pimpinella anisum L., Apium graveolens L., Rumex acetosa L., Anethum graveolens L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Mentha piperita L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Olea europaea L., Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Cocos nucifera L., Peganum harmala L. are commonly utilized in gentle stimulation of intestinal peristalsiss to soothe Bloating-related discomfort. Conclusion: The findings underscore the substantial potential of Iranian traditional medicine in managing infantile colic through the use of herbal preparations. When applied thoughtfully and scientifically, these botanicals offer a complementary, safe, cost-effective, and efficacious approach to symptom relief. Nonetheless, it is strongly advised that any oral or topical use of herbal products in infants be supervised by qualified healthcare professionals or traditional medicine practitioners to prevent possible adverse effects.  }, Keywords = {,Infantile bloating,medicinal plants,herbal distillates,plant oils,traditional medicine,complementary therapy}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-18}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.2}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Etminani, Faegheh and Etminani, Adibeh and Fazeli-Nasab, Bahm}, title = {Bioinformatic Study of the Antiviral Properties of Thyme and Eucalyptus Against the Coat Protein of Mimosa Yellow Vein Virus}, abstract ={Objective: The Geminiviridae family comprises significant plant pathogens causing severe economic losses worldwide. Among them, Begomovirus species, like Mimosa yellow leaf curl virus (MiYLCV), threaten crops and ornamental plants. Natural compounds, such as thyme and eucalyptus essential oils, may offer antiviral solutions. This study investigates the inhibitory potential of thyme and eucalyptus essential oils against MiYLCV coat protein using molecular docking, providing insights into eco-friendly antiviral strategies. Materials:  In this study, first, the three-dimensional structure of phytochemical compounds present in the two medicinal plants, Thymus vulgaris and Eucalyptus grandis, was obtained from the PubChem database. Next, the three-dimensional structure of the virus coat protein was optimized using the Swiss-MODEL online tool. The ability of the selected chemical compounds to inhibit the coat protein associated with pathogen virulence was explored using the molecular docking method using the specialized software autodock4.2.6. Results: Phylogenetic analysis of Mimosa yellow vein virus coat protein revealed close relationships between some Begomovirus sequences (e.g., NP_808548.1 and NP_803540.1), while others (YP_00358491.1, ADW83758.1) showed divergence. The 3D protein model exhibited stable Ramachandran plot angles. Among thyme compounds, β-Myrcene had the highest permeability (logP=2.89), while γ-Terpinene showed the highest solubility (logS=-3.45). In eucalyptus, Isoamyl isovalerate (logP=3.05) and alpha-Terpinene (logS=-3.30) exhibited extreme values. Molecular docking identified strong binding interactions: Endo-borneol (-4.75 kcal/mol), α-Terpineol (-4.96 kcal/mol), and Terpinen-4-ol (-4.78 kcal/mol) from thyme, and beta-Terpineol (-5.14 kcal/mol), trans-Carveol (-5.15 kcal/mol), and Carvotanacetone (-5.21 kcal/mol) from eucalyptus exhibited the highest affinity for the viral coat protein. These findings suggest potential antiviral activity against Mimosa yellow vein virus. Conclusion: The results revealed that the combination of a-Terpineol and Carvotanacetone act as the strongest binding molecules in thyme and eucalyptus plants, respectively. These compounds can be proposed as potent antagonists targeting the coat protein of Mimosa yellow vein virus, effectively impeding its function.  }, Keywords = {a-Terpineol,Carvotanacetone,β-Myrcene,Virulence,geminiviruses}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {19-28}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.3}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Amini, Reihaneh and AliasghariVeshareh, Azam and Rabbanikhorasgani, Mohammad and Dehghan, Parvin and Roghanian, Rasoul}, title = {Evaluation of the Antifungal Efficacy of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Human and Camel UrineAgainst Fluconazole-Resistant Candida spp.}, abstract ={Objective: The increasing prevalence of Candida infections and the emergence of resistance to chemical antifungal medicines, such as fluconazole, has prompted increased research into natural compounds with anti-Candida activity. Probiotics, in particular, are being investigated as promising alternatives due to their lower costs and reduced side effects compared to synthetic drugs. This study aimed to isolate Lactobacillus strains from human and camel urine and evaluate their antifungal activity against three Candida strains isolated from human vaginal samples. Materials and Methods: In this research, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from human and camel urine. Then, the anti-Candida effect of isolated Lactobacillus spp. and two commercial probiotic formulations, Lactofem and Femi capsules containing Lactobacillus spp. 109 and 1.65 × 109 CFU/mL, respectively, was assessed using the microtiter plate method for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Finally, the interaction of Lactobacillus and fluconazole against Candida was investigated using the checkerboard method. Results: Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus crispatus were isolated from human urine samples, and Lactobacillus brevis was isolated from camel urine. The MIC of Lactobacillus spp. against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei was 1.87 × 107 CFU/mL. Antifungal effects of Lactofem and Femi against three Candida spp. were 6.25 × 106 CFU/mL and 2.062 × 107 CFU/mL, respectively. Among the probiotics, Lactofem had the highest, and Femi had the lowest anti-Candida effect. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration results show the synergistic effect of the combination of 9.37 × 106 CFU/mL Lactobacillus and 4 μg/mL fluconazole. Conclusions: The finding of this study indicate that Lactobacillus spp. have potent antifungal activity against Candida infections and show synergistic effect when combined with fluconazole, suggesting their potential as an alternative or complementary therapeutic approach in antifungal therapy. Future research is recommended to focus on developing clinical formulations and validating efficacy through in vivo studies. may be recommended for their applications as an alternative or complementary therapeutic approach in pharmaceutical formulations.  }, Keywords = {,Probiotic,Alternative medicine,Microtiter plate,Candidiasis,Fluconazole}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {29-39}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.5}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Nasiri, Ali Akbar}, title = {Anesthetic Herbs: A Review of the Most Important Anesthetic Medicinal Plants in Traditional Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Anesthesia plays a vital role in therapeutic and surgical interventions and has held a significant place in traditional medicine as well. Due to their calming effects, greater safety profile, and widespread availability, herbal anesthetics have long attracted interest. Identifying medicinal plants with anesthetic properties in traditional medical texts may open new avenues for research in complementary medicine. This review aims to identify and introduce the most important medicinal plants historically employed for anesthetic purposes in Iranian traditional medicine. Methodology: To achieve this objective, a comprehensive search was conducted across reputable databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using keywords such as "medicinal plants," "anesthesia," and "Iranian traditional medicine." Results: The findings revealed that several plants such as Papaver rhoeas L., Papaver somniferum L., Melissa officinalis L., Valeriana officinalis L., Hyoscyamus niger L., Datura stramonium L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Tilia cordata Mill., Nicotiana tabacum L., Mentha piperita L., Ephedra sinica Stapf, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Allium sativum L., Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small, Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr., Salix aegyptiaca L., Passiflora incarnata L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Matricaria chamomilla L., Ocimum basilicum L., Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Piper methysticum G. Forst. have been recognized in traditional Iranian sources as possessing anesthetic properties. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that a diverse range of medicinal plants have historically been utilized for inducing anesthesia in Iranian traditional medicine. Further investigation into these plants, particularly regarding their mechanisms of action and active constituents, holds promise for the development of safer and more natural anesthetic agents.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {40-48}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.6}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Shamaei, Shabnam and GhaemiSadr, Hadis}, title = {Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Tagetes Plant Extracts: Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity Assessment}, abstract ={Objective: The use of silver nanoparticles is increasing due to its unique properties. plant Tagets, a tall-based medicinal plant, is rich in bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer and antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the aqueous extract of Jafari flower on cervical cancer (Hella), breast cancer (MCF7), and lung cancer (A549) cell lines. Methods: The toxicity of silver nanoparticles was evaluated using the MTT assay, and the results were acceptable. The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed using UV-Vis, SEM, and XRD analyses. Results: The nanoparticles synthesized using the plant Tagets extract had a maximum absorption wavelength of 410 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The XRD and SEM patterns showed that the nanoparticles were mostly spherical in shape, with an average size in the nanometer range. The MTT results showed that the silver nanoparticles had dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects, significantly reducing cell viability. The IC50 values for the three cancer cell lines were 63.16, 40.19, and 63.39 µg/mL for MCF7, Hella, and A549, respectively, with the lowest IC50 value observed for cervical cancer. Conclusion: Medicinal plants can be used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Thus, silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects, which alter the morphology of bacterial membranes, increasing the permeability of silver nanoparticles, leading to uncontrolled penetration into cells, and ultimately causing cell death.  }, Keywords = {,silver nanoparticle,cellular toxicity,cancer,antimicrobial,plant Tagets}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {49-56}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.175}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Vazifekhah, Shabnam and SoleimaniMamalo, Alirez}, title = {A Review of the Most Important Medicinal Plants Effective in Gestational Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review of Their Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Gestational diabetes arises due to the body's inability to effectively regulate blood glucose levels, caused by hormonal changes and insulin resistance, and if left untreated, it jeopardizes the health of both the mother and the fetus. This condition is classified into two types: A1 (manageable through diet) and A2 (requiring medication or insulin). Genetic factors and excess weight can also contribute to its onset. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the most significant medicinal plants native to Iran that are effective in managing gestational diabetes and to explore their pharmacological mechanisms. Methodology: For this review, a search was conducted in reliable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, SID, and Google Scholar, as well as traditional Iranian medicine reference books, to gather articles related to medicinal plants effective against gestational diabetes. The medicinal plants related to gestational diabetes in traditional Iranian medicine were selected for this review. The objective of this study was to identify plants that can be used for managing gestational diabetes with minimal side effects. Results: In traditional Iranian medicine, several medicinal plants have been recommended for the management of gestational diabetes, including Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Myrtus communis L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Salvia officinalis L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Aloysia citrodora Paláu, Lippia citriodora Kunth, Cucurbita pepo L., Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Juglans regia L., Cuminum cyminum L., Vicia faba L., Olea europaea L., Thymus vulgaris L., Mentha piperita L., Cuminum cyminum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Solanum melongena L.. These plants have been used for controlling gestational diabetes in traditional Iranian medicine. Conclusion: Gestational diabetes, as a common condition during pregnancy, requires careful and effective management to prevent serious complications for both the mother and the fetus. In traditional Iranian medicine, many medicinal plants are recognized as adjunctive treatments for managing gestational diabetes. The use of these plants could serve as a natural and cost-effective strategy alongside standard medical treatments, particularly in cases of gestational diabetes. However, it is crucial that the consumption of these plants be supervised by a healthcare professional to avoid any potential side effects or drug interactions.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-64}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.8}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {HooshmandGarehbagh, Laya and Shahsavari, Somayeh}, title = {The Most Important Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Iranian Traditional Medicine: A Review}, abstract ={Objective: Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough hormones, leading to a reduction in metabolism and a slowing down of bodily functions. This condition is typically manageable with medication and is not usually a cause for major concern. The aim of this review study is to identify and report the most important medicinal plants effective in treating hypothyroidism in Iranian traditional medicine. Methodology: In this review, we used keywords such as medicinal plants, hypothyroidism, Iranian traditional medicine, and herbal treatments to search for relevant articles. Databases like Google Scholar, SID, MegaIran, PubMed, and Scopus were used to search and gather reputable scientific articles. Articles and resources related to ethnobotany were reviewed and analyzed for information in this field. Results: The medicinal plants most commonly used for treating hypothyroidism include Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Malus domestica Borkh., Cocos nucifera L., Lens culinaris Medik., Curcuma longa L., Thymus vulgaris L., Cucurbita pepo L., Helianthus annuus L., Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, Juglans regia L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Allium sativum L., Arctium lappa L., Urtica dioica L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Rubus idaeus L., Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., Salvia officinalis L., Aloysia citrodora Paláu. Conclusion: The use of medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of hypothyroidism highlights the potential of these plants to improve thyroid function and manage related symptoms. Further research and medical consultation are needed to effectively utilize Iran's native plant flora, so these plants can be used as adjunct therapies alongside standard treatments.  }, Keywords = {Thyroid gland, Hormone, Hypothyroidism, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {65-73}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.10}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-284-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-284-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {KaruppiahPillai, Manoharan and SibongalitsembaSimiselweyinkhosi, Ndzinisa and Thwala, Justice Mandlenkhosi}, title = {Antioxidant Potential of Extracts from Grewia bicolor - A Traditional Swazi Medicinal Plant}, abstract ={Objective: Grewia bicolor, a plant from the Malvaceae family traditionally used in Swazi ethnomedicine, is reported to exhibit various therapeutic activities, which may be linked to its antioxidant potential. Although G. bicolor is widely used in ethnomedicine, the antioxidant potential of various extracts obtained from this plant has not been explored well, particularly the species collected in the Kingdom of Eswatini. It is this research gap prompted us to evaluate the antioxidant activity of this plant by determining IC50 values, total phenolic contents (TPCs) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs). Methods: Maceration technique was used first and then hot solvent extraction technique was used subsequently to obtain various solvent extracts from the leaves and stem-bark. DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant potential and determine the IC50 values. Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and aluminium chloride colorimetric method were used to determine the TPCs and TFCs, respectively. Results: The percentage of DPPH radical scavenged by various extracts from the leaves, stem-bark and the positive control (ascorbic acid) were determined at a concentration range of 200-3000 µg/mL. The pentane and ethyl acetate extracts from leaves showed relatively higher scavenging potential among the leaf extracts. Similarly, the dichloromethane and acetone extract from stem-bark showed relatively higher scavenging potential among the stem-bark extracts. In general, the stem-bark extracts showed slightly higher scavenging potential compared to leaf extracts. However, all extracts from the leaves and stem-bark showed relatively lower scavenging activity compared to the positive control. The IC50 values of leaves and stem-bark extracts were 457.78-2425.37µg/mL and 649.29-1869.62µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value of the positive control was <200 µg/mL. The acetone extracts from both leaves and stem-bark showed lower IC50 values compared to other extracts. The TPCs of leaves and stem-bark extracts were 0.850-9.728 and 0.813-12.259 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The TFCs of leaves and stem-bark extracts were 20.211-46.004 and 22.054-42.128 mg QE/g DW, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated various extracts from the leaves and stem-bark of G. bicolor showed a moderate to significant DPPH radical scavenging potential and possessed a moderate to significant TPCs and TFCs. In general, the TFCs of these extracts were relatively higher than TPCs. These findings support the ethnomedicinal use of G. bicolor and suggest its potential in developing antioxidant-based therapeutics.  }, Keywords = {Grewia bicolor,Malvaceae,antioxidant activity,DPPH radical scavenging assay,IC50 values,total phenolic contents (TPCs)}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {74-88}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.11}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {H.Dawoud, Azza Dawoud and Abdalbagi, Mohamme}, title = {Standardization of Medicinal Plants: Ensuring Quality, Safety, and Global Regulatory Compliance in Herbal Drug Development}, abstract ={Objective: Medicinal plants have long played a pivotal role in traditional and modern healthcare systems due to their therapeutic potential. However, significant variability in their chemical composition presents challenges for ensuring safety, efficacy, and quality in herbal pharmaceutical products. This review aims to emphasize the critical role of standardization in the pharmaceutical development of medicinal plants. Methodology: The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis of literature and regulatory documents to identify current practices, standardization techniques, and global frameworks. Results: Key findings highlight the importance of standardization across the entire lifecycle of herbal medicines from cultivation and harvesting to extraction, analysis, and final formulation. Various methods such as botanical authentication, physicochemical testing, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis, DNA barcoding, and biological assays are discussed. Additionally, the review outlines major challenges including phytochemical complexity, variability in raw materials, regulatory disparities, and limited access to advanced technologies in developing regions. It also discusses the need for harmonized global standards and integration of modern scientific tools like genomics and chemometrics. Conclusion: This review also outlines future directions for research and regulatory integration aimed at enhancing the consistency, safety, and global acceptance of herbal medicines. The major contribution of this paper is its comprehensive synthesis of standardization strategies, challenges, and regulatory considerations, offering a roadmap to bridge the gap between traditional herbal practices and modern pharmaceutical standards.    }, Keywords = {Keywords: Phytotherapy,Phytochemical Analysis,Quality Control,Herbal Medicine,Standardization}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {89-102}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.12}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Behroozi-Lak, Tahereh}, title = {A Review of the Most Important Medicinal Plants Effective for Male Infertility Based on the Teachings of Iranian Traditional Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Male infertility is a significant global health concern influenced by various factors, including genetic disorders, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. Iranian traditional medicine, with its rich heritage, offers natural remedies particularly medicinal plants to address male infertility. Many of these plants are believed to enhance sperm quality, regulate hormones, and strengthen the male reproductive system. This review aims to examine key medicinal plants recommended in Iranian traditional medicine for treating male infertility. Methodology: This narrative review was conducted by consulting primary texts and credible sources in Iranian traditional medicine to identify medicinal plants traditionally used for male infertility. Results: The findings reveal a range of plants considered effective in traditional treatments of male infertility. These include Tribulus terrestris L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Juglans regia L., Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, Vitis vinifera L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Allium sativum L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Crocus sativus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Origanum majorana L., Daucus carota L., Rubus idaeus L., Prunus avium L., Trifolium pratense L., Vitex agnus-castus L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Vicia faba L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Apium graveolens L., Spinacia oleracea L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Urtica dioica L., Musa spp. L., Allium cepa L.. Each plant is noted for its potential role in improving reproductive health through various mechanisms. Conclusion: Medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine hold promise as complementary therapies alongside modern medical treatments for male infertility. However, further scientific research is essential to confirm their efficacy, safety, and to develop standardized therapeutic protocols.    }, Keywords = {Male infertility, Medicinal plants, Iranian traditional medicine, Treatment, Herbs}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {103-110}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.13}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Saeidian, Shahriar and Khaliliaqdam, Nabi and SalimiBaneh, Sari}, title = {The Effect of Temperature and Inhibitors Of Glycine and Cysteine on Cresolase Activity in Solanum lycopersicum under Immature and Mature Conditions}, abstract ={Objective: Polyphenol oxidase is an enzyme involved in phenolic substrate hydroxylation (cresolase) and oxidation (catecholase), processes critical for enzymatic browning in stored fruits and vegetables. Its activity depends on the type of substrate. PPO also generates reactive oxygen species and quinones, which can diminish the nutritional quality of proteins Objective: The research focuses on analyzing cresolase activity of extracted from Solanum lycopersicum at immature and mature stages. The study evaluates optimal conditions such as pH, temperature, and substrate concentration, as well as glycine and cysteine as inhibitor. Methods: Tomatoes from Kurdistan, at immature and mature stages, were processed to obtain extracts. Cresolase was evaluated across pH levels. Protein concentrations were quantified via the Bradford method, and kinetic parameters were calculated using varying p-cresol concentrations. Inhibitory effects of glycine and cysteine were assessed, and catecholase thermal stability under immature conditions was tested at different temperatures. Nonlinear regression models, supported by SAS and GraphPad Prism software, were applied to analyze and optimize enzymatic activity trends. Results: The study identified pH 6.7 as optimal in both immature and mature samples. At 0.16 mM p-cresol concentration, Vmax was 0.15 units/mg protein, Km was 0.11 mM, and catalytic efficiency reached 1.37 units/mg protein/mM. Glycine exhibited stronger inhibition than cysteine, with IC50 values of 1.7 mM in mature and 0.4 mM in immature samples. Enzyme activity peaked at 45 minutes with inhibitors and 40 minutes without inhibitors. Glycine-treated samples exhibited slower declines in activity than cysteine-treated ones. Optimal performance was at 45°C without inhibitors and 40°C with inhibitors, while higher temperatures caused activity loss due to structural stress. Conclusion: Cresolase activity varies depending on pH, temperature, and inhibitors. Studies on kinetics and mathematical models can contribute to the development of strategies for controlling browning in food products and designing protective mechanisms for plants.  }, Keywords = {Kinetics,Glycine,Cysteine,Cresolase,Solanum lycopersicum}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {111-131}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61186/pbp.7.3.173}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Fijan, Ameneh}, title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective in Relieving Menstrual Pain Based on Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Eastern Iran}, abstract ={Objective: Menstrual pain, a common affliction among women, can significantly impact their daily activities. In this context, the use of medicinal plants as a natural and effective remedy for relieving such pain has been acknowledged in the western border region of Iran, serving as an alternative or complementary therapeutic approach. The aim of this study is to identify the medicinal plants employed in this region of Iran for the treatment of menstrual pain. Methodology: This review study employed keywords such as medicinal plants, Iran, menstrual pain, and the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, and their cities, along with ethnobotany terms. Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, MegaIran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized for article searches. Ethnobotanical articles related to the topic were selected for text review. Results: Based on the ethnobotanical review, it was identified that in the cities and provinces of the western border region of Iran, medicinal plants such as Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Anthriscus cerefolium L., Capsella bursa pastoris (L.), Nigella sativa L., Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen., Celtis australis L., Ruta graveolens L., Carthamus oxyacantha M.B., Myrtus communis L., Ulmus glabra Hudson., Pistacia atlantica, Mentha piperita Stokes., Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski, Orchis mascula Crantz, Achillea millefolium, Biebersteinia multifida, Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica, Orchis latifolia L., Avena sativa L., Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Achillea millefolium, Carthamus tinctorius, Crataegus pontica, Heracleum persicum L., Calendula officinalis L., Crocus abantensis, Thymus vulgaris L., Stachys lavandulifolia, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Rheum ribes L., Anthemis Susiana L., Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Marrubium astracanicum Jacp. are commonly used for managing, controlling, and treating menstrual pain. Notably, the highest diversity of plant species was observed in the regions of Behbahan, Khuzestan, and Zrewar, Kurdistan. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, and the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families presented the highest number of species, indicating the rich diversity of medicinal and traditional plant applications. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the local communities in the western border region of Iran possess extensive knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants for alleviating menstrual pain. Documenting and scientifically exploring this knowledge could lay the groundwork for the development of effective and natural herbal medicines in the domain of women’s health.}, Keywords = {Women's health, Menstruation, Medicinal plants, Dysmenorrhea, Analgesic, Eastern Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {132-138}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.15}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Patel, Vaibhavkumar and S.Acharya, Niyati}, title = {In Vitro Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum}, abstract ={Objective: Urolithiasis is one of the oldest and most widespread urinary system diseases affecting millions globally. Herbal treatment is necessary to prevent and cure stone formation because of the high incidence and recurrence rate of stone formation, which is linked to significant discomfort and inflammation in the urinary system. Urolithiasis is treated with a variety of herbal preparations in India, which are renowned for their undeniable safety and effectiveness. In India, Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds are frequently used to treat kidney stones.  The present study evaluates in vitro effect of aqueous extract of M. uniflorum (AEMU) on calcium oxalate crystallization. Methods: Different concentrations of an AEMU (250–1500 µg/mL) were tested for in vitro activity. The outcomes were contrasted with those of a common herbal product that is sold on the market, Cystone. A fixed concentration of calcium chloride was incubated with different concentrations of sodium oxalate (2–10 mmol/mL) for nucleation and (2–3.5 mmol/mL) for crystal growth in order to perform the nucleation and crystal growth assay and assess the inhibitory effect of AEMU at various oxalate concentration levels. Assays for the aggregation and dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals were conducted and the results compared to the standard effects. Every step was carried out three times, and the analysis was done in Microsoft Excel to determine the percentage inhibition and dissolution in comparison to a standard control Cystone. Results: When tested at various sodium oxalate concentrations, the results demonstrated that AEMU possesses exceptional calcium oxalate crystallization inhibitory activity in nucleation rate, crystal development, crystal aggregation and increased crystal dissolution. Compared to the herbal medication Cystone, a greater effect was seen in the dose-dependent manner in AEMU. Conclusion: These in vitro results offer convincing proof of AEMU's potent crystallization inhibition and crystal dissolving capabilities.  }, Keywords = {Macrotyloma uniflorum,Renal stone,calcium oxalate crystals}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {140-149}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.14}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Asghari, Rahim and Mohammadi, Somayeh}, title = {Anti-Influenza Medicinal Plants: A Phytotherapeutic Review of Mechanisms and Efficacy}, abstract ={Objective: Influenza is a common viral illness that primarily affects the respiratory system, often presenting with symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches. Due to the limitations of conventional treatments and their potential side effects, phytotherapy or the use of medicinal plants has gained increasing attention as a complementary approach to managing the disease. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants used for treating influenza, analyzing their mechanisms of action in light of both traditional medicine and contemporary scientific evidence. Methodology: In this narrative review, relevant keywords such as “influenza,” “traditional medicine,” “medicinal plants,” and “treatment” were searched across several academic databases, including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and Scopus. Irrelevant studies were excluded, and those deemed relevant were selected for further analysis. Results: According to the findings, a variety of medicinal plants have been traditionally used in the treatment of influenza and cold-like symptoms in children. These include Curcuma longa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Salvia officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Allium sativum L., Piper nigrum L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Hypericum perforatum L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Echinacea angustifolia DC., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Thymus vulgaris L., Urtica dioica L., Sideritis scardica Griseb., Tribulus terrestris L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Crocus sativus L., Melissa officinalis L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., and Origanum vulgare L.. Among these, the Lamiaceae family accounts for the highest proportion (26.1%), followed by Asteraceae (17.4%) and Zingiberaceae (8.7%). Collectively, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae represent over 43% of all cited species, suggesting a traditional emphasis on these botanical families for their anti-influenza properties. In terms of therapeutic attributes, antiviral effects were most frequently reported (39.1%), followed by immune-boosting properties (34.8%), with anti-inflammatory and symptom-relieving effects each cited in 26.1% of the sources. Additional effects such as antimicrobial, respiratory symptom relief, and mild sedative action were also noted, albeit with lower frequencies. Overall, the focus of these plant-based interventions lies primarily in their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties, with secondary benefits supporting symptom management. Conclusion: This review underscores the potential role of various medicinal plants in the complementary management of influenza. Given the prevalence and symptomatic burden of the illness, phytotherapy may serve as a safe and effective adjunct to conventional treatments, particularly in high-risk populations such as children. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are warranted to confirm the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of these plant-based remedies in human populations.  }, Keywords = {Infection, Virus, Influenza, Medicinal Plants, Treatment}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {151-157}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.7.4.4}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2025} }