@article{ author = {SepordehSeydani, Sorour and ShamsMoattar, Fatemeh}, title = {Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Calcium Ions on Thermal Stability of Peroxidase in Calamintha officinalis Moench}, abstract ={Objective: The antioxidant activity of plant extracts and essential oils is particularly valuable due to their beneficial physiological effects and potential as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants. A major limitation in industrial applications of plant biomolecules is their low thermal stability. This study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and calcium ions on enhancing the thermal stability of peroxidase (POD) from Calamintha officinalis Moench (COM). Methods: Peroxidase activity was first assessed to determine the enzyme’s optimal pH and temperature. The impact of ZnO NPs on the thermal stability of POD was evaluated at various temperatures and nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.00001 mg/mL. Similarly, the effect of calcium ions on enzyme stability was tested at identical concentrations. A control group without Ca²⁺ or ZnO NPs was included for comparison. Results: The optimal pH and temperature of COM peroxidase were 6.8 and 25 °C, respectively, with maximum thermal stability observed at 40 °C. ZnO NPs at different concentrations did not significantly affect enzyme activity. In contrast, low concentrations of calcium ions (0.00001 mg/mL) enhanced enzyme activity during the first hour of incubation. Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles did not alter the activity of COM peroxidase under the conditions tested. However, calcium ions appear to positively influence the thermal stability of the enzyme, suggesting a potential role in enhancing the functional performance of plant-derived peroxidases}, Keywords = {,Peroxidase,Thermal Stability,Calamintha officinalis,Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles,Calcium Ions}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Shafaei, Mozhdeh and ebrahimi, Morteza and Mokhtari, Arash}, title = {Effect of Drying Methods on the Quantity of the Hypericin in the Adventitious Root of the St John\'s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)}, abstract ={Objective: Hypericum perforatum L. synthesizes hypericin, a bioactive compound with antidepressant and antiviral properties. Optimizing post-harvest processing is crucial to preserve metabolite content, as drying conditions can markedly affect compound stability. This study evaluated the impact of shade-drying, oven-drying, and freeze-drying on hypericin accumulation in adventitious roots of H. perforatum. Methods: Fresh adventitious roots (~90% moisture, wet basis) underwent shade-drying, oven-drying, or freeze-drying until final moisture reached 37%, 8%, and 5.3%, respectively. Hypericin content was quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four independent root lines were analyzed to assess biological variability. Hierarchical cluster analysis with heatmap visualization examined the relationships between drying treatments and root lines. Results: Drying method significantly influenced hypericin retention. Freeze-drying preserved the highest levels, with peak concentrations of 0.166 mg/g DW, while oven-drying retained intermediate levels and shade-drying caused the greatest losses. Across all drying conditions, line 4 consistently exhibited higher hypericin content, indicating potential genetic or physiological advantages in metabolite biosynthesis or storage. Cluster analysis revealed a clear separation of freeze-dried samples, with line 4 displaying distinctly superior performance. Conclusion: Freeze-drying is the most effective method for maintaining hypericin in H. perforatum adventitious roots, whereas oven- and shade-drying substantially reduce content. Additionally, root line selection critically affects metabolite accumulation, with line 4 demonstrating the highest potential. These findings highlight that both post-harvest processing strategies and genotype optimization are essential for maximizing hypericin yield in biotechnological and industrial applications.  }, Keywords = {Hypericum perforatum,hypericin,adventitious roots,drying methods,freeze-drying,hierarchical cluster analysis}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Abdi, Farnoush and Mirzaie, Sako}, title = {Development and Evaluation of a Novel DPP-4 Targeted Multi-Epitope Vaccine for Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Comprehensive Immunoinformatic Approach}, abstract ={Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a rapidly increasing global prevalence, posing serious health and economic challenges. Current pharmacological treatments often require lifelong administration and may lead to adverse effects or poor patient compliance. This study aimed to design and evaluate a novel peptide-based vaccine targeting the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme as an innovative immunotherapeutic approach for the management of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A multi-epitope vaccine was constructed by combining six cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes and one helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitope, integrated with an immunogenic adjuvant sequence. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were employed to predict antigenicity, allergenicity, physicochemical characteristics, and structural stability. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to assess vaccine binding affinity and interaction stability with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Furthermore, in silico immune simulations were conducted to evaluate the predicted immune response. Results: The designed vaccine exhibited high antigenicity, non-allergenic properties, and favorable physicochemical stability. Docking and dynamics results revealed a strong and stable interaction between the vaccine construct and TLR4. Immune simulations predicted significant activation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Conclusion: The proposed DPP-4-targeted peptide vaccine demonstrates strong potential as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus. It could serve as an alternative to conventional treatments by reducing lifelong drug dependency, improving patient adherence, and alleviating the economic burden of the disease.}, Keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide vaccine, Toll-like receptor 4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Germame, Yordanos and Atnafu, Hailu}, title = {Bioactive Compound Identification and Phytochemical Analysis of Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract}, abstract ={Objective: Mucuna pruriens, commonly known as velvet bean, is a climbing legume of the Fabaceae family. This study aimed to perform qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses and to identify the bioactive compounds present in the ethanolic seed extract of M. pruriens using GC-MS. Methods: Dried M. pruriens seed powder was extracted with ethanol at a 1:10 ratio using cold maceration. The extract was concentrated to dryness in a hot water bath over 72 hours. GC-MS analysis was conducted using Agilent Technologies equipment to characterize the phytochemical constituents. Identified compounds were compared against the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library for verification. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. GC-MS analysis revealed five major bioactive compounds in the ethanolic seed extract. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of M. pruriens seeds contains diverse bioactive phytochemicals, highlighting its potential as a source of natural compounds with therapeutic and pharmacological relevance. Further studies are warranted to explore the biological activities of the identified constituents}, Keywords = {Mucuna pruriens,phytochemical analysis,GC-MS analysis,bioactive compounds,antioxidant activity}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Akbarykordlar, Ameneh and Soleimani, Ali}, title = {Native Iranian Medicinal Plants with Adverse Effects on Pregnancy and the Fetus: A Review}, abstract ={Objective: The use of medicinal plants during pregnancy has increased due to traditional beliefs and their accessibility and affordability. However, certain plants may pose serious risks, including toxic effects on maternal health and fetal development. This review aims to identify medicinal plants with potential adverse effects on pregnant women and their unborn children. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple scientific databases, including Google Scholar, SID, ISC, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts, and MagIran. Keywords such as “medicinal plants,” “pregnancy,” “fetal teratogenicity,” and “side effects” were used in both Persian and English to capture relevant studies. Results: Several medicinal plants were identified as having notable toxic or teratogenic effects, including Aloe vera, pennyroyal, cayenne pepper, lily of the valley, senna, rue, licorice, saffron, Zingiber officinale (ginger), Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Origanum vulgare (marjoram), Polygonum multiflorum, Borago officinalis (borage), Ricinus communis (castor), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Anethum graveolens (dill), Vitex agnus-castus, Ocimum basilicum (basil), Rheum palmatum, and Prunus serotina. These plants have been linked to congenital anomalies and complications during pregnancy. Conclusion: Given these risks, careful and informed use of medicinal plants during pregnancy is essential. Healthcare professionals should educate expectant mothers about potential hazards and provide guidance to minimize adverse outcomes for both mother and fetus.}, Keywords = {Medicinal plants, Pregnancy, Drug toxicity, Teratogenicity, Pregnancy complications}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Heydari, Nahid and Fotoohiyan, Zeinab and shariati, Mohammad and SalehiSardoei, Ali and Fazeli-Nasab, Bahm}, title = {Biosynthesis of AgNPs Using Teucrium polium and Effect on TEM gene of E. coli}, abstract ={Objective: Escherichia coli is a prevalent etiological agent of nosocomial and urinary tract infections, with the presence of β-Lactamase enzymes encoded by the blaTEM gene contributing to enhanced resistance against antimicrobial agents. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized via Teucrium polium extract against the TEM gene-positive E. coli strains responsible for nosocomial and community-acquired UTIs. Methods: In this investigation, first, the synthesis of AgNPs was performed under optimal conditions by T. polium extract. Then the production of AgNPs were determined by the color change of extract to dark brown in the presence of silver nitrate and UV-visible absorbance in the 300–650 nm using a spectrophotometer. Then, 155 E. coli isolates obtained from urinary infection samples referred to the Dr. Shariati Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in Jiroft during the years 2023–2024.The isolates were identified and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles determined. Among these isolates, E. coli strains producing β-Lactamase enzymes were detected. Finally, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against β-Lactamase positive E. coli. was assessed through disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Furthermore, the impact of AgNPs on TEM gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR analysis. Results: results showed that among 155 E. coli isolates, 100 E. coli strains producing β-Lactamase enzymes. And PCR assays revealed the presence of the TEM gene in 60% isolates. Then the highest absorption at 450nm indicates surface plasmon resonance characteristic of synthesized AgNPs. Also, the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited significant bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against E. coli strains harboring β-Lactamase enzymes. Importantly, treatment with AgNPs resulted in a 34% reduction in TEM gene expression. Conclusion: Based on these findings, future research may explore the potential application of T. polium extract-derived AgNPs as an adjunct or alternative therapeutic modality to conventional antibiotics in the management of multidrug-resistant E. coli infections.}, Keywords = {Teucrium polium,β-Lactamase,TEM gene,AgNPs,Urinary Tract Infection}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Bahmani, Mahmoud and Kazemnezhad, Mostafa and Karimi, Elahe and Ghaneialvar, Hori}, title = {Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling of Native Cannabis sativa L. from Dehloran Using HS-SPME, GC–MS, and FT-IR Techniques}, abstract ={Objective: Cannabis sativa, a member of the Cannabaceae family, has a long history of use in Iranian traditional medicine, particularly for pain relief, alleviating menstrual discomfort, and improving mood disorders. This study aimed to extract and characterize the phytochemical constituents of native C. sativa from Dehloran (Ilam Province) using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analytical techniques. Methods: Plant specimens were collected from Dehloran, located in southern Ilam Province. The aerial parts of the plants were shade-dried and finely powdered. Essential oils were extracted using HS-SPME, and their chemical constituents were analyzed using GC-MS. FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to identify key functional groups. The essential oil extracted from Dehloran C. sativa seeds using HS-SPME was successfully analyzed with GC-MS. Results: A total of 36 volatile compounds were identified, with β-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, and α-humulene as the primary constituents. The chemical profile included monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated and esterified terpenoids, as well as several non-terpenoid compounds. FT-IR analysis further validated the presence of key functional groups, such as alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and alkanes. These findings collectively emphasize the plant's richness in bioactive and antioxidant compounds, highlighting its potential as a valuable resource for pharmaceutical applications. Conclusion: The essential oil of native C. sativa is rich in bioactive and antioxidant constituents, making it a promising candidate for developing medicinal formulations. The findings of this study provide a foundation for identifying pharmacologically relevant compounds in indigenous Iranian cannabis ecotypes and may aid in the advancement of natural therapeutic products.  }, Keywords = {Cannabis sativa, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction, Dehloran ecotype, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Ghaderi, Hossein and Havasi, Marzihe and Darvish, Marziyeh and Bakhtiary, Zahra and Soltani, Salman and Nooraei, Aref and Cheraghi, Faezhe and Kurd, Muhamm}, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Salvia rosmarinus Extract Versus 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin for Spleen Tissue Fixation: Morphological, Microbiological, and Biochemical Assessment}, abstract ={Objective: Tissue fixation is critical in histopathology for maintaining structural integrity. Despite its prevalence, the toxicity of 10% formalin has prompted the search for natural, non-toxic alternatives. Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), rich in phenolic and antioxidant compounds, presents a potential candidate for tissue preservation. This study evaluated the efficacy of methanolic rosemary extract as a fixative for sheep spleen tissue compared to standard formalin. Methods: Twenty-eight sheep spleen specimens were divided into four groups (n=7) and fixed in either methanolic rosemary extract or 10% formalin for 24 or 48 hours. Following fixation, tissues underwent routine processing and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Histomorphometric analysis was performed to assess morphological preservation and cellular detail. Results: Histopathological evaluation revealed that rosemary extract provided acceptable structural preservation at both 24-hour and 48-hour intervals. The extract maintained the integrity of the capsule, white pulp, and red pulp, yielding results comparable to 10% formalin. Statistical analysis of cell counts showed no significant differences between the rosemary and formalin groups (P > 0.05). Notably, no evidence of autolysis or significant cellular degradation was observed in the rosemary-fixed samples. Conclusion: Methanolic rosemary extract serves as a viable, eco-friendly alternative for histological fixation, demonstrating comparable efficacy to formalin in preserving splenic architecture. While these results are promising for routine morphology, further research is required to evaluate its performance in immunohistochemistry and molecular applications, such as DNA/RNA preservation and PCR compatibility.  }, Keywords = {Salvia rosmarinus,Tissue,Fixation,Formalin}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Das, Anish and RajaSheikh, Ramij and Pandey, Ankan and Biswas, Sayandip and Sarkar, Amrita and Mondal, Ismail and Mandal, Sudip Kumar}, title = {Formulation and Evaluation of Lipid Micro-particle Based on Mosquito Repellent Cream}, abstract ={Abstract: Introduction: Malaria, dengue, and chikungunya are examples of mosquito-borne illnesses that continue to pose serious threats to worldwide public health, especially in tropical and underdeveloped nations. Despite the effectiveness of synthetic repellents like DEET, skin discomfort, offensive odors, and safety concerns restrict their use. Although they are safer substitutes, natural essential oils have a short half-life and are highly volatile. The goal of this study was to create a mosquito repellent cream using lipid micro-particles and natural essential oils that would provide longer-lasting protection, better skin compatibility, and increased user acceptability. Methods: Citronella, lemongrass, and peppermint oils were used as active repellents in a lipid micro-particle cream that was created utilizing candelilla wax, glycerylmonostearate, and beeswax as lipid carriers. The formulation's pH, spreadability, viscosity, and physicochemical characteristics were assessed. Using a micro-dialysis method and an 8-hour HPLC analysis, in vitro release kinetics were investigated. Controlled laboratory and field studies were conducted to evaluate in vivo repellent efficacy, safety, skin irritation potential, stability, user acceptance, field performance, and comparative efficacy against a DEET-based product Result: The lipid micro-particle cream had a skin-friendly pH, a smooth texture, and high spreadability. Studies conducted in vitro revealed that essential oils might be released continuously for up to eight hours. Evaluations conducted in vivo and in the field showed an 80–90% decrease in mosquito bites over the course of four to six hours. The formulation demonstrated good user satisfaction, did not irritate the skin, and stayed stable for a full year. Conclusion: Using natural essential oils, the created lipid micro-particle mosquito repellent lotion offers efficient, long-lasting, and secure protection. It is a viable natural substitute for traditional synthetic insect repellents because to its regulated release profile, superior skin tolerability, and high user acceptance.}, Keywords = {Mosquito repellent cream, lipid micro-particles, peppermint oil, sustained release, repellence effect}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-383-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Alinezhad, Bahm}, title = {Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Blood Vessel Blockage in Traditional Iranian Medicine: A Review}, abstract ={Objective: Vascular blockage is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that can lead to serious health issues such as hypertension, stroke, and heart failure. Traditional Iranian medicine, which utilizes a wide range of medicinal herbs, offers natural approaches for the prevention and alleviation of vascular blockage symptoms. This study aims to identify and review the medicinal plants employed in Traditional Iranian medicine for the prevention and treatment of vascular blockage. Methods: This study involved a comprehensive review of sources within Traditional Iranian medicine as well as relevant scientific literature to identify medicinal herbs that are effective in the prevention and treatment of vascular blockage. Data were collected from reputable Traditional medicine texts and scientific databases, then categorized and analyzed according to their applications and mechanisms of action. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the information. Results: A variety of medicinal herbs, including Allium sativum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Curcuma longa L., Capsicum annuum L., Borago officinalis L., Spinacia oleracea L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Brassica oleracea var. italica, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Valeriana officinalis L., Melissa officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Cuminum cyminum L., Salvia rosmarinus (syn. Rosmarinus officinalis) L., Passiflora incarnata L., Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit., Crocus sativus L., Rosa × damascena Mill., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Cocos nucifera L., Prunus dulcis (var. amara) / Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (or Crataegus species), Olea europaea L., Citrus × paradisi Macfad., Morus nigra L., Punica granatum L., Cucumis melo L., Malus domestica Borkh., Avena sativa L., Salvia officinalis L., Cynara scolymus L., Prosopis fracta (local name), Prunus spp. (e.g., Prunus domestica), Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Medicago sativa L., have been utilized in Iranian herbal and traditional medicine for the treatment of vascular blockage. Conclusion: A wide range of medicinal plants has been used in Traditional Iranian medicine to prevent and alleviate vascular blockage, and their effects on improving circulation and cardiovascular health are well-documented. These herbs may represent a natural and low-risk approach for the prevention and treatment of vascular blockage. Further scientific research into the clinical effects of these herbs could support their integration into modern medical practice.  }, Keywords = {,Cardiovascular,condition,blockage,medicinal herbs,treatment,Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-396-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-396-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Ebrahim}, title = {Probiotic Therapy in Hypertension: A Review of Evidence from Animal and Human Models}, abstract ={Objective: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders, substantially increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Emerging evidence indicates that disruptions in gut microbiota may play a critical role in blood pressure regulation, positioning probiotics as a promising adjunctive approach for hypertension management. This review aims to synthesize findings from both animal and human studies regarding the role of probiotics in modulating blood pressure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, thereby evaluating the potential of probiotic therapy as a complementary strategy in hypertension management. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies published between 2010 and 2025 in major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC). The search strategy combined keywords related to “probiotics,” “blood pressure,” and “hypertension.” Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts were independently screened, and studies meeting predefined eligibility criteria were included. The final analysis focused on the effects of probiotics on blood pressure regulation. Results: Evidence from meta-analyses, clinical trials, and animal studies indicates that the consumption of probiotics and fermented products can induce modest yet statistically significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, particularly in individuals with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or elevated baseline blood pressure. These effects are primarily mediated through improvements in gut microbiota composition, enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and improved endothelial function via nitric oxide pathways. Higher doses, interventions lasting at least eight weeks, multi-strain formulations, and fermented dairy products appear to confer greater efficacy, although the observed effects are often short-term and of moderate clinical magnitude. Conclusion: Current evidence from animal and human studies supports the potential of probiotic therapy as a safe and complementary strategy for blood pressure management, especially in individuals with hypertension, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes. The blood pressure-lowering effects of probiotics are largely mediated by modulation of gut microbiota, increased SCFA production, attenuation of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, and enhancement of endothelial function. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in probiotic strains, dosages, intervention durations, and population characteristics limits the generalizability of these findings.  }, Keywords = {,Probiotics,Blood pressure,Gut microbiota,Systemic inflammation,Cardiovascular health}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Sedigh and Taheri, Ali}, title = {Exploring the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Organic Extracts from the Red Alga Laurencia obtusa Found Along the Chabahar Coast}, abstract ={ Objective: The discovery of antioxidant substances with great nutraceutical value and minor side effects for applications in preventive medicine, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry is a rapidly growing area of research. Consequently, algae, particularly marine macroalgae, are increasingly recognized as valuable sources of bioactive compounds with properties such as antioxidant, antitumor, and antihypertensive effects. This makes them ideal for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and they have attracted significant research interest. The algae along the Chabahar coast are rich in potential for future research. They are a potential resource for several studies. This study investigated the antioxidant characteristics of the red alga Laurencia obtusa collected from Chabahar Bay in vitro. Methods: Algae were collected from the intertidal zone of Chabahar at a certain depth during the peak growth season. The process of using seawater and then fresh water for washing was followed by drying and grinding the algae. The extraction process was conducted using a maceration technique with an algae-to-solvent ratio of 1:10 over a 24-hour period. The solvents used were methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, and chloroform, each at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro through DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating activity, and reducing power assays, with each assay performed in triplicates. In the DPPH and reducing power assays, ascorbic acid served as the positive control, while EDTA was used as the positive control in the chelating assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Data processing was performed using GraphPad Prism 7 software, and the graphs and determination of IC₅₀ were determined in Excel by applying linear regression of the different concentrations against the responses to obtain the linear formula. Results: The assays indicated that the chloroform extract (1.38 mg/mL) exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ value and the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity for L. obtusa. The scavenging activity of the chloroform extract was significantly greater (p < 0.0001) at all tested concentrations than that of the hexane and dichloromethane extracts. Conversely, the methanol extract exhibited the lowest radical-scavenging activity (p < 0.05). In the chelating assay, the IC₅₀ value for chloroform (1.95 mg/mL) was higher than that for hexane (2.61 mg/mL), dichloromethane (4.86 mg/mL), and methanol (5.44 mg/mL) (p < 0.05). The highest reducing power was observed in the hexane extract, followed in decreasing order by the chloroform, methanol, and dichloromethane extracts. It was concluded that the increase in concentration of the active substance increased the antioxidant activity of the extracts under study, with significant differences noted at 1 mg/mL compared to other concentrations in the different treatments (p < 0.05).  Conclusion: Low-polarity organic solvents are better solvents than high-polarity solvents for extracting antioxidants from L. obtusa, as they yield extracts with the highest in vitro activity. The extracts contain antioxidant compounds with a high electron-donating capacity and metal ion-chelating power. It is advisable to identify and purify the antioxidant compounds found in the chloroform and hexane extracts of L. obtusa.}, Keywords = {Laurencia obtusa,Marine algae,Antioxidant properties,Free radicals,Chelating,Reduction power}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, Asad and MohammadHosseiniazar, Mohammadrez}, title = {Probiotics and Their Role in Celiac Disease: A Review of Animal, Cellular, and Human Studies}, abstract ={Introduction: Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small intestine, characterized by gluten sensitivity and villous atrophy, which leads to nutrient malabsorption and gastrointestinal complications. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiota may significantly influence the severity of celiac symptoms. Consequently, probiotics have received increasing attention as a potential adjunctive therapeutic strategy. Methods: This review systematically examined studies published between 2010 and 2025, identified through searches in major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search focused on studies investigating the effects of probiotics on gut microbiota modulation, regulation of inflammatory immune responses, and improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with celiac disease. Results: Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that probiotic supplementation particularly strains from the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus may confer beneficial effects by modulating gut microbial composition, attenuating inflammatory immune responses, and alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac patients. However, some studies report inconsistent effects on systemic immune markers and celiac-specific antibodies. Overall, probiotics appear to be safe when administered alongside a gluten-free diet and may positively influence inflammation, microbial balance, and patient quality of life. Nonetheless, current evidence remains insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding long-term efficacy, emphasizing the need for larger, well-designed clinical trials. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that probiotics may serve as a useful adjunct to a gluten-free diet in managing celiac disease by promoting gut microbial balance and modulating inflammatory immune responses. However, heterogeneity in study outcomes and limitations in human trials highlight the necessity for more extensive, standardized clinical research to determine optimal strains and dosing regimens.}, Keywords = {Probiotics, Celiac Disease, Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Inflammation, Malabsorption}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-405-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Kamkari, Sima and Aghdaki, Maryam}, title = {The Role of Prebiotics in the Prevention and Management of Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence}, abstract ={Objective: Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies among women worldwide. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the gut microbiota and its modulation through dietary interventions, particularly prebiotics, in relation to cancer-related pathways. This review aims to critically synthesize current preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the role of prebiotics in the prevention and adjunctive treatment of breast cancer. Methods: This narrative review was conducted based on available evidence from preclinical studies, including in vitro and animal models, as well as clinical and observational research. Relevant literature, including randomized controlled trials, case–control studies, animal experiments, and systematic reviews published between 2010 and 2025, was retrieved from major scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and regional indexing systems (ISC and SID). Studies investigating the association between prebiotic intake and breast cancer outcomes were included and analyzed. Results: Preclinical and clinical findings suggest that prebiotics may exert anticancer effects primarily through modulation of the gut microbiota and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites contribute to the regulation of the gut–estrogen axis, reduction of systemic inflammation, and enhancement of immune responses. Evidence indicates that prebiotics may suppress tumor cell proliferation and potentially reduce resistance to hormone-based therapies. In human studies, improvements in metabolic profiles and reductions in inflammatory biomarkers have been reported. Overall, prebiotics demonstrate promising potential as preventive agents and as supportive components in breast cancer management. Conclusion: Current evidence supports a potential beneficial role of prebiotics in breast cancer prevention and treatment through modulation of the gut microbiota and inflammatory–hormonal pathways. However, due to heterogeneity among studies, further large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are required to determine optimal types, dosages, and therapeutic efficacy.}, Keywords = {Prebiotics, Breast cancer, Gut microbiota, Prebiotic therapy}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-404-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {soleimani, milad and Aidy, Ali and Ghaneialvar, Hori and Karimi, Elahe}, title = {Effects of Wild Pistachio Fruit Herbal Mouthwash on Gingival Healing Following Clinical Crown Lengthening Surgery}, abstract ={Objective: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard for preventing dental plaque but is associated with undesirable side effects. This preliminary clinical study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a herbal mouthwash derived from Pistacia atlantica fruit at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% as an alternative to CHX, assessing postoperative healing following clinical crown lengthening surgery. Methods: Patients were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 10 per group): CHX mouthwash (0.2%), herbal mouthwash (1%, 5%, or 10%), or normal saline (NS) placebo. The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) and Plaque Index (PI) were recorded on the day of surgery. After two weeks, assessments included mouthwash taste, parotid gland swelling, tongue discoloration, tooth staining index (SI), PI, and MGI. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (adjusted significance threshold p < 0.005). Effect sizes (r) were calculated for significant pairwise comparisons. Results: The herbal mouthwash showed comparable efficacy to CHX in improving MGI and PI, with no statistically significant difference between the combined herbal groups and CHX (p = 0.002, r = 0.62). CHX caused significantly greater tooth staining than all herbal concentrations (p < 0.001, r = 0.74). Taste preference significantly favored the herbal mouthwash over CHX (p < 0.001, r = 0.62). None of the CHX-associated adverse effects (tooth staining, tongue discoloration, parotid swelling, unpleasant taste) were observed in patients using the herbal mouthwash to the same extent. Conclusion: Compared to chlorhexidine, the herbal mouthwash exhibited minimal adverse effects, including reduced parotid swelling, tongue and tooth discoloration, and improved taste acceptance. Additionally, it demonstrated comparable efficacy to chlorhexidine in improving gingival and plaque indices, suggesting that it may serve as an effective and well-tolerated alternative to chlorhexidine.}, Keywords = {Herbal mouthwash,Chlorhexidine,Clinical crown lengthening surgery,Dental plaque}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-391-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-391-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Neisari, Roghaiyeh}, title = {Herbal Neurosoothers in Pediatric Anxiety: Insights from Preclinical Research}, abstract ={Objective: Anxiety and restlessness are childhood concerns that can shape behavioral and physical development. Growing unease, about the side‑effects of pharmaceutical treatments has sparked interest in plants and herbal infusions as a gentler way to calm a child’s nerves. This study set out to explore both medical sources and current scientific literature to identify herbal remedies that can soothe nervous tension and improve sleep, in children. Methods: The review unfolded in two phases. In the phase the canonical texts of traditional medicine were examined to pinpoint plant species reported to possess calming effects, for children. The second phase involved a search and appraisal of pre‑clinical, animal and clinical studies using PubMed, Scopus and the SID database covering publications from 2000 through 2025. Results: The findings pointed to the presence of plants such, as Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Matricaria chamomilla L., Cichorium intybus L., Achillea millefolium L., Berberis vulgaris L., Echium Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Humulus lupulus L., Valeriana officinalis L., Crocus sativus L., Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Iranian traditional medicine suggests that these plants Melissa officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Thymus vulgaris L., Althaea officinalis L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Papaver rhoeas L., Passiflora incarnata L., Rosa damascena Mill. Rubus idaeus L., Citrus aurantium L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Urtica dioica L., Aloysia citrodora Paláu, Elettaria L.) Maton and Zingiber officinale Roscoe are thought to provide anxiolytic and calming benefits, for children. Conclusion: A striking degree of overlap can be seen between the herbal repertoire and contemporary scientific findings, on plant‑based calming agents for children. This convergence points toward the likelihood that many of these herbs may act as natural low‑risk remedies for tackling anxiety and fostering sleep, in kids. Nonetheless carefully crafted human clinical trials remain indispensable to establish dosage parameters and to uncover any adverse effects.  }, Keywords = {,Relaxation,Nervous system,Medicinal plants,Therapy,Anxiety}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-407-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-407-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Taheri, Ali and Bameri, Maryam and Sharifian, Salim}, title = {Extraction of the phycobiliprotein pigments from the red seaweed Gelidium pusillum using an ultrasonic method combined with maceration or homogenization}, abstract ={Objective: Red algae (Rhodophyta) are a great source of phycobiliproteins like R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) and R-phycocyanin (R-PC). These compounds have notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and fluorescent qualities, making them useful in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Because of the resistant polysaccharide cell wall in species like Gelidium pusillum, extraction is not efficient. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of two combined extraction methods: ultrasound-assisted homogenization and ultrasound-assisted maceration, for the primary extraction of phycobiliproteins from G. pusillum collected from the Oman Sea, and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the resulting extracts. Methods: G. pusillum samples were collected during the fall from the Oman Sea in the Chabahar region and stored at -18°C. The thawed biomass was prepared for extraction by washing, manual fragmentation, and blending with a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at a 1:15 (w/v) ratio. Using the ultrasound-maceration technique, the biomass underwent manual maceration and stirring in an ice bath for 90 minutes. Subsequently, it was sonicated at 20 kHz and 100% amplitude for 14 minutes in a pulse mode (9 seconds on, 1 second off), ensuring the temperature remained under 30°C. The ultrasound-homogenization approach involved initial mechanical homogenization of the biomass (20,000 rpm for 4 minutes) before identical ultrasonication. The supernatant was separated and kept after the centrifugation process (9000 rpm, 20 minutes, 4°C). Spectrophotometry was used to measure R-PE and R-PC levels at 564 and 618 nm. Purity ratios and extraction yields (mg/g fresh weight) were determined. The primary functional groups were identified using FTIR analysis. Antioxidant activity was measured using a DPPH radical scavenging assay within the 0.01–1 mg/mL concentration range, referencing BHT as a positive control. All experiments were carried out in triplicate and data were analyzed with t-tests or one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test (significance at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Results: The phycobiliprotein concentration obtained by the ultrasound-homogenization method was significantly higher than that of the ultrasound-maceration method. Total phycobiliprotein concentration was 0.0326 ± 0.003 mg/mL for homogenization and 0.0213 ± 0.002 mg/mL for maceration (p < 0.01). Similarly, the yield of total phycobiliproteins obtained by the homogenization method was 0.391 ± 0.029 mg/g fresh weight, which represented an increase of approximately 36% compared to the maceration method (0.288 ± 0.024 mg/g fresh weight; p < 0.01). R-PE and R-PC yields were also significantly higher in the homogenization method (0.184 ± 0.015 and 0.206 ± 0.012 mg/g, respectively) compared to maceration (0.129 ± 0.010 and 0.159 ± 0.012 mg/g; p < 0.01 for both). The FTIR analysis showed that two methods successfully extracted the phycobiliproteins, but the maceration extract contained some lipids. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract from homogenization (0.5 mg/mL) measured 31.60 ± 4.82%, which was significantly higher than that of the extract from maceration (16.81 ± 6.07%). There was no significant difference at 1 mg/mL because of high variance in the maceration group. Both methods showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities with the highest scavenging at 1 mg/mL. Low purity ratios (from 0.0056 to 0.0145) were obtained for both methods, indicating polysaccharide contaminants and the need for additional purification steps. Total dry solid yields were similar for both methods (24.36 g/100 g wet weight for homogenization vs. 23.90 g/100 g for maceration) indicating comparable efficiencies in the extraction of total soluble compounds despite differences in the phycobiliprotein selectivity of the methods. Conclusion: The results show that the ultrasound-assisted homogenization method is more efficient than the ultrasound-assisted maceration for the primary extraction of R-PE and R-PC from G. pusillum, leading to a 36% increase in total phycobiliprotein yield and improved antioxidant activity at moderate concentrations. The advantage of homogenization lies in its superior ability to disrupt the resistant polysaccharide cell wall of Gelidium, resulting in improved penetration and cavitation effects of ultrasound. The extracts showed preliminary antioxidant activity, which warrants further investigation, but industrial application is still premature until the extracts are purified and a safety evaluation is performed. Future work should be concentrated on RSM-based optimization, complementary antioxidant assays (ABTS, FRAP), encapsulation for stability, and structural verification by SEM/FTIR. }, Keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Phycoerythrin,Phycocyanin,Gelidium pusillum,Ultrasound-assisted extraction.}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-401-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-401-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Macooie, Ali Aghayar}, title = {Application of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Jaundice: A Review of Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Jaundice is a common condition in newborns, typically caused by liver or hematological disorders. Traditional Iranian medicine has provided natural, low-side-effect solutions for managing this condition, utilizing a variety of medicinal plants. These remedies have been employed for centuries in the treatment of jaundice in infants. This review aims to gather and identify the medicinal plants used in the treatment of jaundice within the framework of Traditional Iranian Medicine. Methods: This research, grounded in Traditional Iranian Medicine, involved the collection and review of medicinal plants associated with the treatment of jaundice, based on classical Iranian medical texts, herbal compendiums, and credible online resources. Results: In ancient Iranian medicine, medicinal plants such as Taraxacum officinale L., Cichorium intybus L., Silybum marianum L., Althaea officinalis L., Artemisia absinthium L., Plantago major L., Rheum rhabarbarum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Borago officinalis L., Petroselinum crispum L., Spinacia oleracea L., Viola odorata L., Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Plantago psyllium L., Plantago lanceolata L., Cydonia oblonga Mill., Prunus domestica L., Senna alexandrina Mill., Cucurbita pepo L., Rhus coriaria L., Portulaca oleracea L., Lepidium sativum L., Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Berberis vulgaris L., Malus domestica Borkh. were historically used to treat jaundice in newborns. Conclusion: The indigenous medicinal plants of Iran hold great potential as complementary options for managing jaundice. However, further scientific research is crucial to confirm their efficacy and safety, paving the way for the development of effective and safe herbal medications.  }, Keywords = {,Jaundice,Herbal Medicine,Traditional Medicine,Iran,Treatment}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-411-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-411-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {kheiry, maryam and Kaffashian, Mohammad Reza and Aliboroni, Alireza and maleki, maryam}, title = {Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Insights into Molecular Signaling Pathways (Systematic review)}, abstract ={Objective: Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a major cause of acute kidney damage following surgery, trauma, organ transplantation, and thrombotic events, primarily due to oxidative stress and cellular injury. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising therapeutic tools by enabling targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and reduced systemic toxicity. This systematic review evaluates the effects of NP-based therapies on IRIR, with a focus on their modulation of key molecular signaling pathways. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 1990 and 2024. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were included in the final analysis. Results: NP-based interventions consistently improved experimental RIRI outcomes by reducing oxidative stress, preserving renal function markers, attenuating inflammation and fibrosis, and modulating immune and gene-expression responses. These effects were observed across different nanoformulations and therapeutic cargos. Conclusion: Current evidence supports nanoparticles as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of renal IRIR, with clear potential for translation into advanced renal drug-delivery and renoprotective strategies.  }, Keywords = {Nanoparticle exposure,Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury,Signaling pathways}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.docx}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Khosravi, Rahman and AlizadeAghdam, Hatef}, title = {A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective in the Treatment of Umbilical Hernia in Children Based on Traditional and Herbal Medicine Sources of Iran}, abstract ={Objective: Umbilical hernia is a common condition in neonates and children, caused by incomplete closure of the umbilical ring after birth. Although most cases resolve spontaneously by age two, some persist and require surgical repair. Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), with its extensive botanical heritage and temperament-based principles, offers strategies to strengthen the abdominal wall and relieve symptoms. These approaches may serve as complementary, low-risk options before surgery is considered. Methods: This review was based on authoritative TIM sources, including Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Seyyed Esmaeil Jorjani’s Zakhireh Kharazmshahi, Tohfeh Hakim Momen, Makhzan al-Adwiah, and other classical and digital texts. Keywords such as “hernia,” “umbilicus,” “medicinal plants,” and “topical treatment” were used to retrieve relevant data. Results: The review identified several plants recommended for umbilical hernia management and abdominal muscle strengthening, used topically or orally. These include Matricaria chamomilla L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Piper nigrum L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Malus domestica Borkh., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Ricinus communis L., Daucus carota L., Spinacia oleracea L., Allium cepa L., Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, Brassica oleracea L. var. italica, Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr., Pimpinella anisum L., Myrtus communis L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Cicer arietinum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Coriandrum sativum L., Olea europaea L., and Cynara scolymus L. Conclusion: TIM sources suggest that plants with astringent, anti-inflammatory, and muscle-toning properties may enhance local circulation, reduce bloating, and strengthen abdominal structures. Such remedies could be considered as complementary options prior to surgery. Given the limited empirical and clinical evidence, further studies are needed to standardize formulations and evaluate their safety and efficacy.  }, Keywords = {Umbilical hernia, Children, Traditional Persian Medicine, Medicinal plants, Topical treatment, Surgery}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.3}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Nasiri, Ali Akbar}, title = {Herbal and Headache: A Review of Principal Medicinal Plants Utilized in Headache Management}, abstract ={Objective: Headache is one of the most common somatic complaints, often triggered by factors such as stress, fatigue, dehydration, or neurological disturbances. Its manifestations vary in type and intensity and frequently impair quality of life. Treatment depends largely on identifying the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle modifications in combination with pharmacological interventions. However, recurrent use of synthetic analgesics can lead to complications such as gastrointestinal irritation, hepatic damage, and drug dependence. Caution is therefore warranted, and medical supervision is recommended when using such medications. In this context, the present review highlights the principal medicinal plants employed in Iranian traditional medicine for headache management. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the keywords “medicinal plants,” “headache,” “traditional medicine,” and “Iran” across major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Results: The review identified a wide range of herbs traditionally used in Iranian medicine for headache relief. These include peppermint, valerian, lavender, coriander, German chamomile, sage, licorice, vervain, black tea, ginger, violet, green tea, Syrian rue, basil, thyme, cinnamon, rosemary, lemon balm, St. John’s wort, black pepper, willow, passionflower, orange blossom, borage, oregano, saffron, fennel, Damask rose, marshmallow, hyssop, and walnut. Conclusion: Iranian traditional medicine provides a rich pharmacopeia of medicinal plants that represent effective and generally well-tolerated alternatives to synthetic treatments for headache. These remedies offer a natural therapeutic option with fewer side effects. Nevertheless, further clinical research is required to validate their efficacy and facilitate their integration into evidence-based medical practice.}, Keywords = {Brain, Head, Headache, Treatment, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.4}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Shamsa, Nasim and Saki, Koroush}, title = {Medicinal Plants as Analgesics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Benefits, Adverse Effects, and Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Pain is among the most common symptoms encountered across a wide spectrum of diseases and has a profound impact on individuals' daily lives. The use of medicinal plants for pain relief is deeply rooted in traditional medical systems worldwide and has, in recent decades, gained renewed scientific interest as a natural and potentially safer approach to pain management. Owing to their bioactive constituents, these plants offer promising alternatives or adjuncts to conventional pharmacological treatments. The aim of this review is to examine and highlight the most significant native Iranian medicinal plants with documented analgesic properties, drawing from both classical traditional sources and recent scientific studies. Methods: This narrative review was conducted using the keywords "medicinal plants," "pain," "analgesic," and "Iranian traditional medicine." Data were gathered from reputable scientific databases including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus, alongside classical texts in traditional Persian medicine. Findings: A wide array of medicinal plants with analgesic effects were identified, notably Mentha piperita (peppermint), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Matricaria parthenium (feverfew), Valeriana officinalis (valerian), Salvia officinalis (sage), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Capsicum annuum (chili pepper), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Boswellia serrata (frankincense), Rosa damascena (rose), Eucalyptus globulus, Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Nigella sativa, Salix alba (white willow), Harpagophytum procumbens (devil’s claw), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Aloe vera, and Camellia sinensis (green tea), all of which have been traditionally and increasingly used for pain control. Conclusion: Medicinal plants hold a distinct and respected place in Iranian traditional medicine for their pain-relieving properties. Their mechanisms often include anti-inflammatory effects and modulation of the nervous system to promote calm and reduce discomfort. Given the well-known adverse effects of synthetic drugs, herbal alternatives offer a potentially safer and effective route for complementary and integrative pain therapies. Future research should focus on the isolation of active compounds, rigorous safety profiling, and the standardization of herbal formulations to better harness the clinical potential of these traditional remedies in modern medicine.  }, Keywords = {Pain, Herbal Analgesics, Phytotherapy, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.5}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Ghazizadeh, Farid and Noroozi, Mehr}, title = {Herbal plants for Childhood Anemia and Their Mechanisms of Action: A Review Study}, abstract ={Objective: Anemia is a common issue among children, which can have adverse effects on their growth and development. This condition is usually caused by iron deficiency or other essential nutrients in the body. Early identification and timely treatment of anemia in children are crucial to prevent more serious complications. The aim of the present review study is to identify the most important medicinal plants and edible fruits used in traditional Iranian medicine for the treatment of childhood anemia. Methods: This study is a review of medicinal plants that are effective in treating anemia in children, as found in traditional Iranian medicine. To gather relevant resources, searches were conducted in credible scientific databases such as Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, SID, and Google Scholar using the keywords "medicinal plants", "anemia", "children", "herbal medicine", and "traditional medicine". Inclusion criteria for the articles included those written in Persian or English, original articles, and books on traditional medicine and herbal medicine. Exclusion criteria involved articles lacking sufficient data for scientific evaluation, duplicate articles, irrelevant articles, and articles written in languages other than Persian or English. Results: Based on the findings, various medicinal plants and edible fruits such as sorrel, nettle, wild marigold, banana, pomegranate, sesame, tomato, alfalfa, parsley, burdock, raisins, alfalfa, parsley, wormwood, bell pepper, strawberries, spinach, dates, fenugreek, and lemon are used to treat childhood anemia. Conclusion: Studies indicate that the use of medicinal plants can serve as an effective supplement in treating childhood anemia. These plants help improve iron absorption and strengthen the immune system, contributing to the improvement of anemia in children.}, Keywords = {Anemia, Children, Disease, Treatment, Medicinal Plants}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.2}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Ravanshad, Ali and KumarMandal, Sudip}, title = {Medicinal Plants Effective Against Monkeypox: A Concise Review Focusing on Mechanisms of Action}, abstract ={Objective: Monkeypox (MPX) is a rare viral disease that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In the absence of a definitive treatment, medicinal plants have been explored as complementary options for symptom management and immune enhancement. This study aims to investigate medicinal plants in India with potential antiviral effects against MPX, focusing on their active constituents and mechanisms of action. Methods: Relevant literature was retrieved from reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using carefully selected keywords. Studies reporting antiviral activity of medicinal plants against MPX were reviewed and synthesized. Results: Several medicinal plants with documented effects against MPX were identified. These include Allium sativum L., Adansonia digitata L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Pior, Carica papaya L., Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr., Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Ficus platyphylla Delile, Lawsonia inermis L., Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell, Moringa oleifera Lam., Olea europaea L., Sterculia setigera Delile, Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand, Cassia singueana Delile, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, and Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC.. The active phytochemicals in these plants appear to contribute to viral load reduction and overall health improvement by inhibiting viral entry and attenuating viral activity. Conclusion: The findings underscore the therapeutic promise of these medicinal plants as complementary interventions for MPX. Their bioactive compounds may offer valuable support in alleviating symptoms and strengthening immune defenses. Continued exploration of such plant-based resources could inform the development of adjunctive strategies for managing viral diseases more broadly.}, Keywords = {Medicinal Plants, Monkeypox, Mechanisms of Action}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.6}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-316-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-316-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Nosrati, Fatemeh and Fakheri, Barat Ali and Ghaznavi, Habib and Mahdinezhad, Nafiseh and Sheervalilou, Roghayeh and Fazeli-Nasab, Bahm}, title = {Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Bioactive Silver Nanoparticles Using Astragalus fasciculifolius Extracts: Regional Phytochemical Variation and Biomedical Potential}, abstract ={Objective: Green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy in material science and nanotechnology. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized through a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient process. Bioreduction was carried out at room temperature using aqueous root and gum extracts of Anzaroot (Astragalus fasciculifolius Bioss). Methods: Roots and gum of A. fasciculifolius were collected from six locations in Sistan–Baluchestan Province (Table 1). Aqueous extracts (10 g/100 mL) were prepared and analyzed for total phenolics (Folin–Ciocalteu), flavonoids (AlCl₃), and carbohydrates (phenol–sulfuric acid). AgNPs were biosynthesized using 1, 3, and 5 mM AgNO₃ solutions, with 1 mM identified as optimal. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, TEM, and XRD. Antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) and antimicrobial activity (MIC/MBC) were assessed against four bacterial strains. GC–MS (Agilent 7890A) was performed using an HP-5 MS column. Results: GC–MS analysis revealed pronounced regional differences in gum composition: Khash samples were rich in aliphatic hydrocarbons, Sarava samples contained pharmaceutical-like compounds (pilocarpine, gabapentin derivatives), and Sarbaz gum showed unique nitrogenous constituents (17.52% urea derivatives), suggesting environmental adaptation. ANOVA indicated significant location-dependent differences (p<0.01) in phenolic content (mean 32.41 mg GAE/g), with Poshtkuh showing the highest accumulation (42.61 mg GAE/g). Flavonoids ranged from 0–2.0 mg QE/g, while carbohydrate levels (mean 366.93 mg GE/g) displayed habitat-specific variation (p<0.01). Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited surface plasmon resonance at 400–500 nm and crystalline peaks at 38°, 43°, 64°, and 77.3° (XRD). TEM confirmed spherical AgNPs (5–50 nm), with gum-derived nanoparticles (23.29 nm) demonstrating superior DPPH scavenging (98.40% at 500 μg/mL) compared with root-derived AgNPs (81.41%). Antimicrobial assays (400 μg/mL) showed enhanced Gram-negative inhibition (MIC 3.12–50 μg/mL), whereas crude extracts were more active against Gram-positive strains. Conclusion: This study highlights the diverse phytochemistry, regional variability, and bioactivity of A. fasciculifolius gum, underscoring its potential applications in antimicrobial, antioxidant, and nanomedicine research. The biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated potent antioxidant and Gram-selective antibacterial properties. Further studies should investigate environmental drivers of metabolite production, elucidate pharmacological mechanisms, and develop scalable AgNP synthesis for therapeutic use.}, Keywords = {Anzaroot (Astragalus fasciculifolius Bioss),Bacillus cereus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.7}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Rakhshan, Kazem and Marzban, Abdolrazagh and Haghighatian, Zahra and Raisi, Abbas and Zarei, Leila and Roshani, Asadollah}, title = {Evaluation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Acetylsalicylate on the Wound Healing Process in Male Rats}, abstract ={Objective: Wound healing is a vital physiological process that maintains the skin’s barrier function and prevents infection. The emergence of nanotechnology, particularly metallic nanoparticles, has introduced new strategies to enhance and accelerate wound repair. Among these, zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with acetylsalicylate have attracted attention due to their combined antibacterial and regenerative properties, positioning them as a promising therapeutic option in wound management. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles on wound healing in male rats, with an emphasis on histopathological outcomes. Methods: Wound repair involves a complex interplay of cellular and biochemical events leading to the restoration of tissue integrity. Forty-eight healthy male Wistar rats of uniform weight were randomly assigned to four groups (n=12 each) after standardized wound induction: Group I (control, no treatment), Group II (treated with standard phenytoin ointment), Group III (treated with base ointment), and Group IV (treated with acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles). Treatments were applied once daily for seven consecutive days. Histopathological assessments were conducted on days 7, 14, and 21 post-wounding. Results: Group IV demonstrated significantly improved histopathological indices and accelerated wound healing compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). The findings indicate that acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles possess potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue-regenerative effects that substantially enhance wound repair in this animal model. Notably, epidermal and dermal regeneration across different healing phases was markedly improved, underscoring the efficacy of this nanocomposite. Conclusion: Acetylsalicylate-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles may serve as a novel and effective therapeutic modality for wound management, particularly in infected wounds. Nevertheless, additional preclinical studies and clinical trials are required to confirm these effects and support their translation to human clinical applications.  }, Keywords = {Wound healing, Wound, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Acetylsalicylate, Rat}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.10}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-326-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-326-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {saeidian, shahriar and zarei, zhil}, title = {Kinetic Analysis of Guaiacol Peroxidase in Solanum lycopersicum under Immature and Post-Harvest Conditions in the Presence of Potential Amino Acid Inhibitors}, abstract ={Objective: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a climacteric fruit, is highly susceptible to oxidative degradation during ripening and postharvest storage, which compromises shelf life and visual quality. Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), a key enzyme in oxidative processes, catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds, contributing to enzymatic browning. This study aimed to characterize the kinetic properties and inhibition patterns of GPX across three physiological stages immature, ripe, and stored and to evaluate the modulatory effects of two natural amino acids, glycine and cysteine. Methods: GPX activity was quantified using spectrophotometric assays. Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) were determined via Michaelis–Menten and Lineweaver Burk analyses. Enzyme activity was assessed under varying substrate (guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide) concentrations and pH conditions to establish optimal catalytic parameters. Results: GPX activity was optimal at pH 6.5, with a consistent Km of 5 mM across all physiological stages. Vmax values increased progressively during ripening and storage (0.019, 0.027, and 0.033 µmol/min, respectively). Substrate inhibition occurred at guaiacol concentrations above 10 mM, with maximal activity observed at 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (100 µL). Both cysteine and glycine inhibited GPX, with cysteine showing greater potency across all stages, as reflected by lower IC50 values: 0.8 vs. 1.0 mM (immature), 0.9 vs. 1.3 mM (ripe), and 1.2 vs. 1.5 mM (stored). Lineweaver–Burk analysis indicated non-competitive inhibition in immature fruit, shifting to competitive inhibition in ripe and stored stages, suggesting developmental changes in enzyme structure or isoform composition. Conclusion: GPX activity in tomato is developmentally regulated and can be effectively suppressed by natural amino acids, particularly cysteine. These findings provide promising bio-based strategies to reduce enzymatic browning and enhance oxidative stability during postharvest handling of tomatoes.  }, Keywords = {,Antioxidant,Free Radical,Inhibitor,Peroxidase,Glycine,Tomato}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.9}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {JAlkhatib, Ahed and Abdi, Farnoush}, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Therapists for Headache Treatment in the Tafila Region, Jordan}, abstract ={Objective: Indigenous knowledge is taken as one of the important knowledge types about medicinal plants. This knowledge has a wide scope with various aspects, including the ethnobotany of medicinal plants. Ethnobotany refers to the human knowledge about botany and the ecology of plants. Methods: In this ethnobotanical study, the Tafila region in Jordan was studied. The data were collected using the questionnaire and interview method. The data about time, local name, therapeutic properties, traditional use method, and therapeutic organ utilized for the studied plants were recorded using questionnaire (50 respondents). Results: The obtained results indicated that medicinal plants, including Unica granatum L., Quercus coccifera L., Salvia fruticosa Mill, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Sarcopoterium spinosum, Thymus vulgaris L., Achillea fragrantissima, Ocimum basilicum L., Anchusa strigosa, Aloe Vera (L.), Nigella sativa L., Varthemia iphionoides, Coriandrum sativum L., Olea europaea L., and Teucrium polium L., are used to treat headache. The family Laminaceae was the most frequently used plant family. The leaf was the most frequently used plant organ (28%) for treating headache in this region. Decoction (41%) and infusion (35%) were the most widely used traditional methods for headache treatment in the Tafila region. The qualitative results showed that the medicinal plants Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk) Sch. Bip., Unica granatum L., and Salvia fruticosa Mill are among the most important effective plants against headache due to their higher UR, RCF, and PFU coefficients. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that the indigenous knowledge contains valuable therapeutic information relating to therapeutic properties of medicinal species. By identifying these ideas, steps can be taken toward production of plant-produced medicines.  }, Keywords = {Therapeutic plants, Ethnobotany, Tafila region, Jordan}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.11}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Qadeer, Kinza and Shah, Naseer Ali and Ahmed, Haroon and Kamran, Muhamm}, title = {A Systematic Review on Molluscicidal Activity of Plants Worldwide Against Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosomes}, abstract ={Objective: Schistosomiasis affects more than 230 million people worldwide each year. Aquatic snails, which serve as the intermediate hosts, play a key role in transmitting the disease. The present systematic review compiles data on the molluscicidal activity of plants and their phytochemicals to help minimize the incidence of schistosomiasis. Methodology: Online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2022. In total, 290 articles were identified, of which 193 were included; studies involving snail species not associated with schistosomiasis were excluded. Data such as snail species, plant species and family name, plant parts used, assessment type, and phytoconstituents were analyzed. Results: This review identified 279 plant species with molluscicidal activity, most belonging to the families Euphorbiaceae (9.31%), Solanaceae (7.16%), Asteraceae (6.09%), Leguminosae (5.73%), and Lamiaceae (4.3%). The most frequently used plant parts were leaves (48.74%), followed by seeds (12.9%), fruits (15.05%), roots (14.69%), stems (12.54%), and bark (10%). Conclusion: Moreover, the review highlights the major plant phytochemicals and mechanisms of molluscicidal activity. Plants and their phytochemicals are promising resources for controlling snail species associated with schistosomiasis. Future studies should focus on identifying and isolating active phytochemicals and clarifying their mechanisms of molluscicidal action.}, Keywords = {snail,schistosomiasis,mortality,molluscicide,phytochemical}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.13}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Soltanbeigi, Emir and Lysiuk, Rom}, title = {A Concise Review on Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Potential to Enhance the Pharmacological Profile of Medicinal Plants via Secondary Metabolite Production}, abstract ={Objective: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a component of the solar electromagnetic spectrum, functions both as an environmental stressor and a biological stimulus. Medicinal plants exposed to UV particularly UV-B and UV-C wavelengths often show enhanced synthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids. These metabolites are well recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. This review aims to examine the effects of different UV wavelengths and doses on the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. Methodology: A comprehensive literature survey from 2000 to 2025 was conducted, covering diverse plant species and genotypes exposed to UVA, UVB, or UVC radiation, alone or in combination with environmental factors such as drought stress or hormonal treatments. Key parameters analyzed included growth characteristics, photosynthetic activity, phenolic and antioxidant content, and alkaloid production. Results: Controlled UV exposure was found to significantly enhance secondary metabolite accumulation, increase antioxidant activity, and improve the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants. In contrast, excessive UV exposure could impair growth and induce cellular damage. The combination of UV with hormonal treatments or salicylic acid frequently upregulated gene expression in metabolic pathways associated with bioactive compound synthesis. The intensity, duration, and wavelength of UV radiation were critical determinants of chemical composition and biological activity. Conclusion: Appropriately timed and dosed UV radiation represents a promising strategy to augment secondary metabolite production and enhance the therapeutic value of medicinal plants. These findings have important implications for optimizing cultivation practices and developing effective plant-based pharmaceuticals.}, Keywords = {Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, medicinal plants, secondary metabolites, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, alkaloids}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.14}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Isah, Mustapha and Namadi, Shafiu Abdullahi and Jumare, Fatimah Ibrahim}, title = {Evaluating Antagonistic Inhibitory Effect of Some Antibiotic–Silver Nanoparticle Combinations}, abstract ={Background: This study reports on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized AgNPs were comprehensively characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential (ZP) analysis. Method: AgNPs was synthesized through green approach using M. oleifera leaves extract as the source of reducing and stabilizing agent followed by its combination with some selected antibiotics and assess their inhibition modes. Objective: To determine the antibacterial mode of inhibition of AgNPs upon combination with antibiotics. Result: The characterization confirmed the formation of uniformly distributed, spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of ~20 nm and a negative surface charge of –27.1 mV, indicating a high colloidal stability. To investigate their biomedical relevance, AgNPs were combined with conventional antibiotics via an imbibition method and tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) using the Disc diffusion test (DDT).  Conclusion: The results showed different antibacterial responses, with certain AgNPs–antibiotic combinations exhibiting synergistic enhancement of inhibition zones, while others showed antagonistic interactions. These results highlight the potential of M. oleifera-mediated AgNPs as an environmentally friendly nanomaterial to enhance antibiotic activity but also emphasize the need for critical evaluation of nanoparticle–drug interactions prior to clinical application.  }, Keywords = {,Moringa oleifera,silver nanoparticles,antibiotic,antagonistic,antibacterial effect}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.12}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Hamid and Khaksarian, Mojtab}, title = {Medicinal Plants with Efficacy in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Mechanistic Insights}, abstract ={Objective: From the perspective of traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) arises from an imbalance in bodily temperament and a weakening of cerebral and nervous faculties. This imbalance manifests as impaired concentration, heightened irritability, and impulsive hyperactivity. While conventional treatments provide symptomatic relief, their adverse effects in many patients underscore the need for complementary strategies. Medicinal plants aimed at restoring temperament balance and modulating neurological function have emerged as promising alternatives. This review seeks to identify key botanicals that alleviate ADHD symptoms and to explore their mechanisms of action. Methods: This systematic review draws on classical TIM texts alongside contemporary scientific literature retrieved from Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus. Keywords related to ADHD and herbal medicine guided a comprehensive search and analysis. Results: Evidence highlights several plants with notable efficacy, including Melissa officinalis L., Valeriana officinalis L., Crocus sativus L., Passiflora incarnata L., Mentha spicata L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Vaccinium corymbosum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Ocimum basilicum L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Curcuma longa L., Boswellia serrata Roxb., Mentha piperita L., Pinus spp., Plantago major L., Linum usitatissimum L., Avena sativa L., Tulipa spp., and Hypericum perforatum L. These botanicals exert beneficial effects by calming the nervous system, enhancing cognitive function, regulating internal temperament (particularly heat and moisture balance), and modulating central nervous system activity. According to TIM principles, these actions restore humoral equilibrium and vital forces, forming a basis for cognitive and behavioral improvement. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that the judicious use of TIM-based medicinal plants may serve as a complementary approach for managing ADHD. However, defining optimal dosing, verifying efficacy, and ensuring safety require well-designed, large-scale, controlled clinical trials. Integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary neuroscience and pharmacology offers promising avenues for safe, natural, and effective ADHD therapies  }, Keywords = {,Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Traditional Iranian Medicine,Medicinal Plants,Temperament Modulation,Complementary Therapy}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Abubakar, Farida and Muhammad, Shamsudeen and Isah, Musa and Muhammad, Amina and AlmustaphaAliero, Adamu and Riskuwa, Sadiq}, title = {Antifungal Activity of Mitracarpus hirtus Leaf Extract against Dermatophytes Isolated from Ringworm Patients}, abstract ={Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus against dermatophytes isolated from patients with clinically diagnosed ringworm. Methods: Fresh M. hirtus leaves were collected, extracted in water, and subjected to phytochemical screening. Dermatophytes were isolated from skin scrapings of patients in Birnin Kebbi and identified using morphological and microscopic techniques. The antifungal activity of the extracts was assessed in vitro using the agar well diffusion method at concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 100 mg/mL. Ketoconazole (5 mg/mL) was used as a positive control. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and cyanogenic glycosides, while glycosides and volatile oils were absent. A total of 34 dermatophyte isolates were recovered, with Trichophyton mentagrophyte (29.4%) being the most prevalent, followed by T. beigelii, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum, and T. rubrum. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent antifungal effect, with inhibition zones ranging from 12 mm at 20 mg/mL to 26 mm at 100 mg/mL. The highest activity was observed against T. rubrum and M. canis, while E. floccosum showed the least susceptibility. Conclusion: M. hirtus aqueous leaf extract demonstrates significant antifungal activity against common dermatophytes, supporting its ethno medicinal use. The findings highlight its potential as a natural source for antifungal drug development. Further studies focusing on the isolation of active compounds, elucidation of mechanisms of action, and clinical validation are recommended to develop standardized, plant-based antifungal therapies.  }, Keywords = {,Mitracarpus hirtus,Antifungal activity,Dermatophytes,Phytochemical screening,Ringworm infections}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, doi = {10.61882/pbp.8.1.8}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Owolabi, Tunde and AAyinde, Buniyami}, title = {Pharmacognostic Profiling and Standardisation of Praxelis clematidea (Griseb): Morphological, Physicochemical, and Phytochemical Insights}, abstract ={Objective: P. clematidea, a member of the Asteraceae family, is gaining medicinal interest yet remains underexplored in terms of its pharmacognostic features. The absence of standardised pharmacognostic data for P. clematidea significantly limits its therapeutic potential and broader acceptance. Its phytochemical composition, which is notably diverse and subject to variation across different regions, revealed the pressing need for a comprehensive pharmacognostic framework. The current study is, to our knowledge, the first to present foundational data essential for the standardization of P. clematidea. These data will support the development of reliable herbal preparations and guide future pharmacological research, while also facilitating differentiation from other morphologically similar species within the Asteraceae family. Methods: Macroscopical and microscopic analyses were performed to characterize tissues and cell inclusions. Quantitative microscopy determined leaf constants. Physicochemical parameters, including ash values, extractive values, and moisture content, were analyzed. Phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to detect secondary metabolites. Acute toxicity studies were conducted in animal models to determine LD₅₀. Results: The plant exhibited unique morphological features, with specific anatomical characters. Quantitative microscopy recorded vein islet (20 ± 1.45), vein termination (52 ± 5.27), and stomatal indices of 20 ± 1.25 (upper) and 18 ± 0.94 (lower). Physicochemical values were total ash (12.667 ± 0.219%), loss on drying (7.433 ± 0.636%), water-soluble extractive (8.967 ± 0.393%), and alcohol-soluble extractive (15.733 ± 0.561%). Phytochemical tests detected flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids with five TLC spots. Acute toxicity studies indicated moderate toxicity (LD₅₀ = 565.69 mg/kg). Conclusion: This study establishes standardised diagnostic parameters for P. clematidea, ensuring accurate identification and reliable quality control. The characterized bioactive constituents show its medicinal relevance, while toxicity evaluation indicates preliminary safety for therapeutic use. The findings support its inclusion in pharmacopoeial monographs and its safe application in herbal medicine.}, Keywords = {Praxelis clematidea,Phytochemistry,Standardization,Quality Control,Microscopy,Thin Layer Chromatography}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Lelyukh, Maryan and Chaban, Ihor and Lysiuk, Roman and Savchenko, Arkadii and Yelahina, Nataliia and Martyniuk, Daria and Komarytsya, Olexandra and Chaban, Taras}, title = {Synthesis and In Vitro Antitrypanosomal Evaluation of 2-Hydrazino-4-Thiazolidinones Containing 6-Phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole Moiety}, abstract ={Objective: A convenient and efficient method for constructing the 4-thiazolidinone ring is the [2+3]-cyclocondensation reaction of S,N-binucleophiles with various equivalents of the dielectrophilic synthon [C2]²⁺. In this study, intermediate N1-methylidenethiosemicarbazones (3a–b) were synthesized from 2-amino/allylsulfanyl-5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (1–b) via Vilsmeier–Haack formylation, followed by condensation with thiosemicarbazide in acetic acid. Methods: Synthetic procedures were confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Pharmacological screening was performed to evaluate antitrypanosomal activity. Results: The reaction of N1-methylidenethiosemicarbazones (3a–b) with α-halocarboxylic acids (monochloroacetic, 2-bromopropionic, 2-bromobutanoic) or α-bromo-γ-butyrolactone in acetic acid in the presence of sodium acetate yielded a series of 2-hydrazino-4-thiazolidinones containing the 6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole moiety (4a–b) and their 5-alkyl-substituted derivatives (5a–d, 6a–b). Structures were confirmed by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. All synthesized compounds (3a–b, 4a–b, 5a–d, 6a–b) were evaluated for in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Feo strain). Conclusion: In vitro screening identified three highly active compounds—4b, 5b, and 5c—that exhibited significant trypanocidal activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.7–4.4 µM, comparable to the reference drug nifurtimox (IC₅₀ = 4.4 µM). These results highlight the potential of these 4-thiazolidinone derivatives as promising antitrypanosomal agents.}, Keywords = {2-Hydrazono-4-thiazolidinones, Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles, Heterocyclization Reaction, Spectral Data, Antitrypanosomal Activity}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Dawoud, Azza and Aburizig, Marwa and Abbakar, Balsam and Ibrahim, Anwar and FathElrhman, Maram and Aljaili, Omsalama and DiaAldin, Marwa and Adil, Wal}, title = {Herbal Cosmeceuticals in Sudan: Phytochemical Properties, Therapeutic Potentials, and Economic Opportunities}, abstract ={Objective: Herbal cosmeceuticals are gaining global attention due to their multifunctional, safe, and sustainable properties. Sudan, endowed with rich biodiversity and ethnobotanical heritage, hosts numerous medicinal plants traditionally used for skin and hair care. However, scientific validation, standardization, and industrial development of these plants remain limited. This review systematically identifies Sudanese medicinal plants with cosmeceutical potential, evaluates their phytochemical and pharmacological evidence, and explores industrial and economic opportunities. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and AJOL up to August 2025. Boolean operators were used, and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied following PRISMA guidelines. Study quality was assessed using CASP and AMSTAR 2 tools. Results: Fifteen Sudanese medicinal plants were identified, with Nigella sativa, Lawsonia inermis, and Adansonia digitata being the most frequently studied. These plants exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, moisturizing, and hair-strengthening effects. However, most evidence derived from in vitro and animal studies, with limited clinical validation and no standardized industrial formulations. SWOT analysis highlighted opportunities (biodiversity, global market demand, women’s empowerment) and challenges (regulatory gaps, limited infrastructure, lack of standardization). Conclusion: Sudanese medicinal plants possess strong potential for developing innovative herbal cosmeceuticals. Future research should focus on clinical validation, standardization protocols, and industrial feasibility. Harnessing these resources could promote therapeutic innovation, empower local communities, and enhance Sudan’s role in the global “green beauty” market.   }, Keywords = {Keywords: Herbal cosmeceuticals,Sudanese medicinal plants,phytochemistry,dermatological applications,industrial and economic opportunities}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-350-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-350-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Pashapour, Pouneh}, title = {The Use of Medicinal Plants in the Prevention and Treatment of Myocardial Infarction: A Review of Traditional Medical Sources}, abstract ={Objective: Myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Traditional Iranian medicine has long employed medicinal plants to strengthen the heart and mitigate complications associated with heart attacks. This review aims to identify medicinal plants historically used in the management and prevention of myocardial infarction according to traditional Iranian medical texts. Methods: In accordance with the principles of traditional medicine, this review systematically examined classical texts, specialized herbal literature, and credible online sources to identify plants associated with the prevention and treatment of myocardial infarction. Results: Historical evidence indicates that traditional communities relied on plants such as Crocus sativus L., Borago officinalis L., Curcuma longa L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Thymus vulgaris L., Althaea officinalis L., Cuminum cyminum L., Melissa officinalis L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Valeriana officinalis L., Achillea millefolium L., Citrus aurantium L., Allium sativum L., Salvia officinalis L., Papaver rhoeas L., Capsicum annuum L., Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f., Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Hordeum vulgare L., Mentha spicata L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Berberis vulgaris L., Anethum graveolens L., Cichorium intybus L., Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Punica granatum L. as herbal remedies for the prevention and management of myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Medicinal plants demonstrate significant potential in the prevention and treatment of myocardial infarction. Their traditional applications may serve as valuable complementary strategies alongside modern cardiovascular therapies. Scientific validation of these plants could facilitate the development of novel, safe, and effective cardiac medications.  }, Keywords = {Heart, Myocardial infarction, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Iran, Treatment}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {12-17}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-397-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-397-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Mivefroshan, Azam}, title = {An Insight into the Most Important Medicinal Plants for Improving Metabolic Syndrome in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disorder characterized by visceral obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C levels, and insulin resistance, representing a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Alongside lifestyle interventions, medicinal plants have long been used as complementary strategies for its prevention and management. Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) documents a wide variety of plants believed to influence metabolic syndrome components. This review aims to identify key medicinal plants reported in TIM and examine the scientific evidence supporting their role in prevention and treatment. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted using authoritative TIM texts and international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Searches employed keywords related to metabolic syndrome and medicinal plants in both Persian and English. Studies investigating the effects of medicinal plants on the prevention, management, or treatment of metabolic syndrome components were included. Results: Numerous plants including Aloe vera, green tea, Citrullus colocynthis, chamomile, turmeric, ginger, barberry, milk thistle, nettle, chicory, bitter orange, savory, rosemary, pomegranate, garlic, dill, Tribulus terrestris, artichoke, lemon balm, Astragalus, oat, borage, flaxseed, black cumin, thyme, saffron, cinnamon, coriander, rhubarb, hemp, peppermint, passionflower, valerian, wild radish, Peganum harmala, and fennel—have traditionally been used in TIM to modulate features of metabolic syndrome. Experimental and clinical evidence supports some of these plants in enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing lipid levels, regulating blood pressure, and controlling body weight. Conclusion: Medicinal plants documented in TIM may serve as complementary approaches for managing metabolic syndrome. Although preliminary findings are encouraging, much of the evidence derives from animal studies or traditional reports, emphasizing the need for rigorously designed clinical trials to confirm safety and efficacy. This review provides a basis for future research and the development of evidence-based herbal interventions.}, Keywords = {Metabolic syndrome, Medicinal plants, Phytotherapy, Traditional Iranian medicine, Herbal medicine, Cardiovascular diseases, Insulin resistance}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {18-28}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-343-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-343-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Kamkari, Sima and SoufizadehBalaneji, Souz}, title = {The Role of Medicinal Plants in Relieving Menopausal Symptoms: A Traditional Iranian Medicine Perspective}, abstract ={Objective: Menopause represents a significant endocrinological transition characterized by declining estrogen levels, leading to vasomotor symptoms (e.g., hot flashes and night sweats), sleep disturbances, and affective changes. Given the growing interest in non-hormonal management strategies, complementary therapies, particularly the use of medicinal plants, have received increasing attention. Methods: This study systematically reviews and identifies the evidence regarding medicinal plants employed in Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) for the management of menopausal symptoms. This review involved a structured examination of authoritative TIM texts, alongside pharmacognosy references and established scientific databases. Inclusion criteria mandated explicit mention of plants in traditional sources as remedies for menopause-related symptoms, excluding those cited in non-authoritative references or lacking direct symptomatic relevance. Results: Analysis of the literature identified several key medicinal plants traditionally utilized for this purpose, most notably: Foeniculum vulgare, Trifolium pratense, Vitex agnus-castus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Salvia officinalis, and Matricaria chamomilla. Conclusion: Traditional reports primarily attribute therapeutic effects to these plants, including hormonal modulation, alleviation of vasomotor symptoms, improvement in sleep quality, and anxiolytic or sedative properties. The evidence from Traditional Iranian Medicine suggests considerable potential for specific medicinal plants in alleviating menopausal distress. However, rigorous clinical efficacy and safety trials are essential to validate these traditional claims, establish optimal therapeutic dosages, and evaluate potential drug-herb interactions. When supported by scientific evidence, these plants could be integrated as valuable adjunctive interventions to enhance the quality of life for women navigating the menopausal transition.}, Keywords = {Menopause, Women, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Iranian Medicine, Phytoestrogens, Menopausal Symptoms}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-39}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Kiani, Arezou}, title = {Phytopharmacology in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Iranian Traditional Medicine}, abstract ={Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders affecting the elderly, characterized by memory decline, impaired cognitive function, and behavioral alterations. Given the limited efficacy and potential side effects of conventional pharmacological treatments, there is increasing interest in complementary therapies, particularly medicinal plants. Iranian traditional medicine (ITM), as a rich repository of therapeutic knowledge, contains extensive clinical experience and recommendations for enhancing memory and preventing cognitive decline. This review aims to examine both classical ITM sources and contemporary scientific literature regarding medicinal plants with potential efficacy in preventing and managing Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: This study is a literature review based on authoritative ITM sources, the works of prominent Persian scholars, and recent scientific publications indexed in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran. Results: According to ITM texts, several plants including white mulberry, black mulberry, rosemary, sage, frankincense, parsley, thyme, lavender, peppermint, chamomile, walnut, beetroot, apple, sainfoin, saffron, St. John’s wort, jujube, turmeric, bitter almond, fig, thyme-leaved savory, cinnamon, green tea, spinach, lettuce, lemon balm, grape, coconut, ginger, damask rose, bergamot, sesame, Persian hogweed, borage, hyssop, valerian, basil, and chicory have been reported to exert beneficial effects in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion: This review demonstrates that many plants cited in ITM contain bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Through mechanisms including acetylcholinesterase inhibition, reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of neuroinflammation, and improvement of cerebral blood flow, these plants may contribute to the prevention or slowing of Alzheimer’s disease progression. Administration of rosemary, sage, saffron, frankincense, lemon balm, and turmeric in the form of herbal medicines or dietary supplements represents a potentially safe and effective adjunctive approach. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are essential to confirm their safety, optimal dosing, and potential drug interactions.  }, Keywords = {,Alzheimer’s disease,phytopharmacology,Iranian traditional medicine,medicinal plants,memory,acetylcholinesterase}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {40-70}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Afsari, Elnaz}, title = {Medicinal Plants for Enhancing Female Sexual Function: An Ethnobotanical Systematic Review}, abstract ={Objective: Female sexual dysfunction and dissatisfaction are significant public health concerns influenced by a complex interplay of physical, psychological, cultural, and social factors. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward complementary and alternative therapeutic approaches, particularly the use of medicinal plants. Ethnobotanical knowledge, through the systematic documentation of traditional plant uses, plays a critical role in identifying potential natural resources for improving female sexual desire and function. The present study aimed to conduct an ethnobotanical systematic review of medicinal plants traditionally used to enhance female sexual function, thereby providing a scientific basis for future clinical and pharmacological investigations. Methods: This study was designed as an ethnobotanical systematic review to identify and analyze medicinal plants used within the indigenous knowledge systems of Iran to improve female sexual desire and performance. Data were collected through a comprehensive and systematic search of national and international scientific databases. Eligible studies and sources were selected and analyzed according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Ethnobotanical evidence from Iran indicates the traditional use of several medicinal plants for enhancing female sexual function and managing sexual disorders. The identified plants include Pistacia atlantica, Achillea santolinoides, Equisetum arvense L., Anthemis altissima L., Ducrosia anethifolia, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Plantago major L., Tripleurospermum disciforme, Salvia palaestina Benth., Helianthus tuberosus L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Adonis aestivalis L., Linum usitatissimum, Orchis latifolia L., Tribulus terrestris L., Matricaria aurea L., Rhus coriaria L., Valeriana officinalis L., Crocus abantensis, Cynodon dactylon, and Biebersteinia multifida. Conclusion: The medicinal plants identified within Iranian ethnobotanical knowledge systems demonstrate potential for improving female sexual function and enhancing sexual desire. These traditional resources may serve as valuable and reliable candidates for future clinical research and for the development of safe and effective complementary therapeutic interventions.  }, Keywords = {Medicinal plants, Female sexual function, Ethnobotany, Complementary therapy}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Hajiesmaello, Maryam and Mohammadi, Ebrahim}, title = {Herbal Agents for Weight Loss and Anti-Obesity: A Review of Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Obesity, particularly the accumulation of fat in the abdominal and flank regions, represents a major public health challenge. Beyond aesthetic concerns, it significantly increases the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) provides a natural, complementary approach to obesity management through a diverse array of medicinal plants. This review aims to identify and summarize the most prominent and frequently used herbal remedies for controlling abdominal and flank obesity in classical TIM sources. Methods: A literature review was conducted using classical TIM manuscripts and authoritative herbal medicine references focused on obesity management. Complementary searches were performed in recognized databases, including ISC, SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Magiran, using Persian and English keywords related to “medicinal plants,” “obesity,” and “abdominal and flank fat.” Relevant articles and online sources were collected and analyzed to provide a comprehensive overview of effective herbal interventions. Results: The findings indicate that a wide range of medicinal plants exhibit significant effects on weight reduction and obesity control. Zingiberaceae, including ginger, turmeric, and cardamom; Lamiaceae, such as thyme, savory, and rosemary; and Apiaceae, including celery, ajwain, cumin, and fennel, enhance metabolism and reduce fat accumulation. Asteraceae species, such as chamomile and yarrow, improve digestion and regulate blood sugar, while legumes, including peanuts, soy, and fenugreek, contribute to appetite suppression. Additionally, Rosaceae plants, such as apple, rose, and damask rose, provide antioxidant compounds, and other herbs, including mustard, khakshir, saffron, barberry, black seed, garlic, and lemon balm, exhibit anti-obesity effects through diverse mechanisms. Conclusion: This review underscores that TIM offers a broad spectrum of medicinal plants effective for weight reduction and obesity management. Proposed mechanisms include increased basal metabolism, inhibition of fat absorption, and improved gastrointestinal function. Nonetheless, definitive evidence regarding efficacy and safety requires well-designed, large-scale clinical trials  }, Keywords = {,Obesity,abdominal fat,medicinal plants,treatment,traditional medicine,Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {82-93}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Pashapour, Pouneh}, title = {Probiotics and Its Application in Obesity as the Most Important Cardiovascular Risk: A Review}, abstract ={Objective: Obesity is one of the most important public health problems in the world which is associated with increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Increasing scientific evidence shows that imbalance of intestinal parasites plays a key role in regulating the metabolism of energy, fat storage and obesity and probiotics can be effective in improving these disorders. Methods: In this review, the articles published in reputable databases such as PubMed, Scopus and web of science were reviewed. selected studies were analyzed based on the effects of probiotics on anthropometric indices, lipid and glucose metabolism and intestinal microbiota. Results: The results of the study showed that some probiotic strains such as lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium able to decrease body weight, body mass index and fat mass by regulating energy metabolism, reducing inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity. Also, probiotics consumption was associated with improvement of lipid profiles and metabolic indices. Conclusion: Based on the available evidence, probiotics can be considered as a safe and promising complementary approach in management and treatment of obesity. however, more trials are needed to determine effective strains, appropriate dosage, and optimal duration of consumption.  }, Keywords = {Obesity, Intestine metabolism, Energy metabolism, Body mass index}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {82-93}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-402-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-402-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Kamkari, Sima and SadatNajib, Fateme}, title = {Abortifacient Medicinal Plants: A Review of Toxic Herbs During Pregnancy}, abstract ={Introduction: Miscarriage remains a major challenge in women’s reproductive health. Traditional Iranian medicine has long recognized certain medicinal plants with toxic effects during pregnancy, offering natural approaches both to induce and to prevent conception. This study aims to identify and examine abortifacient plants as documented in classical Iranian medical sources. Methods: This study was conducted as a systematic review of traditional medical literature. Medicinal plants associated with the induction of miscarriage were collected and analyzed using authoritative references from traditional medicine, herbal texts, and online databases. Results: Traditional Iranian sources indicate that plants such as Cinnamomum verum L., Petroselinum crispum L., Sesamum indicum L., Crocus sativus L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Ananas comosus L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Mentha piperita L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Ferula assa-foetida L., Drimys winteri J.R. et G. Forster, Berberis vulgaris L., Angelica archangelica L., Anethum graveolens L., Apium graveolens L., Viola odorata L., Althaea officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris L., Aloe barbadensis Mill., Lawsonia inermis L., Equisetum arvense L., Syzygium aromaticum L., Citrullus colocynthis L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Saccharum officinarum L., Glycine max (L.) Merr. may possess abortifacient properties. Leaves (28%) and seeds (23%) represented the most frequently utilized plant parts exhibiting abortifacient activity. Moreover, the majority of abortifacient medicinal plants were classified within the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae families. Conclusion: Certain medicinal plants exhibit abortifacient effects, making their inadvertent use during pregnancy potentially hazardous. Awareness of these plants and careful study of their properties can serve as a crucial guide for safeguarding maternal and fetal health and can lay the groundwork for future scientific investigations into their efficacy and mechanisms of action.  }, Keywords = {,Fetus,Toxicity,Miscarriage,Pregnancy,Traditional Medicine,Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {94-104}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-378-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-378-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Neisari, Roghaiyeh and Abdi, Farnoush}, title = {Herbal Dental Anesthetics: An Ethnobotanical Review}, abstract ={Objective: Toothache is among the most common health issues worldwide, arising from causes such as dental caries, gingival inflammation, or other pathological conditions. Medicinal plants have long been used as analgesics or local anesthetics for dental pain in traditional medicine and ethnobotanical knowledge across cultures, including Iran. This study reviews ethnobotanical evidence in Iran regarding plants with dental anesthetic and analgesic properties, highlighting key species and exploring potential mechanisms of action. The goal is to integrate traditional and scientific knowledge to identify plants suitable for development into natural dental anesthetic products. Methodology: A narrative review was conducted using reputable scientific sources. Systematic searches were performed in Persian and English across databases including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus using the keywords “toothache,” “dental anesthesia,” “medicinal plants,” and “ethnobotany.” Inclusion criteria focused on plants explicitly cited in Iranian ethnobotanical sources for dental analgesic or anesthetic properties. Results: Numerous plants were identified, including Syzygium aromaticum, Pistacia khinjuk, Cichorium intybus, Thymus vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Amygdalus scoparia, Eucalyptus spp., Scutellaria multicaulis, Biebersteinia multifida, Verbascum thapsus, Ruta graveolens, Grammosciadium platycarpum, Mentha pulegium, Echium amoenum, Plantago major, Celtis australis, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Melissa officinalis, Dianthus orientalis, Amygdalus haussknechtii, Isatis raphanifolia, Cannabis sativa, Amygdalus lycioides, Daphne mucronata, Pistacia atlantica, Papaver dubium, Peganum harmala, Papaver somniferum, Mentha aquatica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Viola odorata. The family Caryophyllaceae was the most represented, with five species. Aerial parts were most commonly used, and the provinces of Ilam, Fars, and Lorestan reported the highest number of dental anesthetic plants. Conclusion: The considerable diversity of medicinal plants with dental anesthetic properties in Iranian ethnobotanical sources highlights the potential of indigenous knowledge for natural dental remedy development. However, the paucity of clinical and pharmacological studies on efficacy, safety, and dosing underscores the need for further rigorous research. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern science could facilitate the development of effective, low-side-effect natural alternatives to conventional chemical anesthetics.}, Keywords = {Dental anesthesia, Medicinal plants, Toothache, Ethnobotany, Pain relief, Herbal anesthetics}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {105-115}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {AlencarMenezes, Irwin and Martinez, Fleming and Bahmani, Mahmou}, title = {Phytotherapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants Against Hepatitis C: A Review}, abstract ={Objective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major global health challenge, contributing to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have markedly improved treatment outcomes, their high cost and potential adverse effects limit accessibility, particularly in low-resource settings. Consequently, there is increasing interest in exploring medicinal plants as alternative or complementary therapies for HCV management. Methods: This systematic review analyzed 12 peer-reviewed studies investigating the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants with anti-HCV activity. Extracted data included plant species, bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and hepatoprotective properties. Results: Several plants demonstrated notable antiviral and hepatoprotective effects, including Citrus aurantium L., Cynara cardunculus L., Acacia nilotica, Marrubium peregrinum L., Camellia sinensis L., Olea europaea, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Maytenus ilicifolia, Lamium album L., Artemisia annua L., and Silybum marianum L. These botanicals exert therapeutic effects through diverse mechanisms, including inhibition of viral entry, suppression of viral replication, modulation of immune responses, antioxidant activity, and hepatocyte protection. Conclusion: Medicinal plants exhibit promising anti-HCV and hepatoprotective activities, indicating their potential as affordable and well-tolerated therapeutic options. Nevertheless, further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies are required to validate efficacy, establish standardized dosages, and assess long-term safety. Integration of phytotherapy with conventional antiviral regimens may enhance treatment outcomes and reduce the global healthcare burden associated with hepatitis C.  }, Keywords = {Hepatitis C, Medicinal plants, Antiviral, Hepatoprotection, Phytotherapy}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {116-125}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-373-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-373-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Hamid and Keshavarz, Azita and Khaksarian, Mojtab}, title = {Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for the Management of Anxiety in Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Objective: Anxiety is a prevalent psychological disorder that substantially impairs quality of life. Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) has long utilized medicinal plants as natural, low-side-effect interventions for anxiety management. This study aims to identify TIM-documented plants with anxiolytic properties and to explore their underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across reputable TIM texts, herbal pharmacopoeias, and online scientific databases. Medicinal plants reported to have anxiolytic effects were identified, and their mechanisms of action were analyzed. Results: Identified plants include Melissa officinalis L., Valeriana officinalis L., Borago officinalis L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Crocus sativus L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Passiflora incarnata L., Origanum majorana L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Hypericum perforatum L., Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill., Berberis vulgaris L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Anethum graveolens L., Alcea rosea L., Valeriana montana Scop., Salix alba L., Rosa spp., Boswellia serrata Roxb., and Cichorium intybus L. These plants exert anxiolytic effects via neurotransmitter modulation, hormonal regulation, antioxidant activity, and sleep enhancement. Conclusion: TIM-based medicinal plants represent promising, safe, and complementary strategies for anxiety management. Nonetheless, establishing standardized dosages, ensuring formulation quality, and conducting rigorous clinical trials are crucial to validate efficacy and achieve reproducible therapeutic outcomes  }, Keywords = {,Anxiety,Medicinal Plants,Traditional Iranian Medicine,Sedative,Natural Therapy}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {143-153}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Hosseiniazar, Mohammadreza Mohammad and Hashemi, As}, title = {Herbal Remedies for Bloating Based on Iranian Traditional Medicine: A Review}, abstract ={Objective: This study aims to identify the key medicinal plants used in the treatment of bloating in Iranian traditional medicine and to compare traditional knowledge with findings from contemporary research studies. Methods: This research was conducted as a document review. The sources included authoritative texts on Iranian traditional medicine, reference books on herbal medicine, and online scientific databases. After gathering the relevant data, the therapeutic properties of the plants reported in traditional texts were compared with the findings from recent preclinical studies and experimental research. Results: Based on the reviewed sources, plants commonly used in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of bloating include Matricaria chamomilla, Cinnamomum verum, Zingiber officinale, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita, Elettaria cardamomum, Cuminum cyminum, Nigella sativa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Camellia sinensis, Valeriana officinalis, Curcuma longa, Pimpinella anisum, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Melissa officinalis, Citrus limon, Trachyspermum copticum, Taraxacum officinale, Coriandrum sativum, Artemisia absinthium, Angelica sinensis, Anethum graveolens, Rosa damascena, Nigella sativa, Cichorium intybus, Ocimum basilicum. Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that the medicinal plants identified in Iranian traditional medicine may serve as natural or complementary options for the treatment and alleviation of bloating.  }, Keywords = {,Digestion,intestines,bloating,Iranian traditional medicine,medicinal plants,herbal remedies}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {154-160}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-381-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-381-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Asghari, Rahim}, title = {Phytotherapy in Breast Cancer: An Overview}, abstract ={Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting women worldwide, typically presenting as a palpable mass or structural changes in breast tissue. Its development is influenced by multiple factors, including genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, and environmental exposures. Early detection and effective treatment are critical for improving survival and quality of life. This review aims to identify and examine the key medicinal plants cited in Iranian traditional medicine for breast cancer, with a focus on their potential mechanisms in prevention and therapy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using keywords such as “medicinal plants,” “traditional medicine,” “breast cancer,” and “Iran” across major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Authoritative texts and specialized encyclopedias were also consulted. Results: The review identified a wide range of plants with therapeutic potential, including thyme, rosemary, pennyroyal, ginger, fennel, garlic, grape, artemisia, purslane, chamomile, pinto bean, tomato, chickpea, onion, wheat, pomegranate, red apple, cherry, turmeric, flaxseed, borage, olive, yarrow, sweet violet, celery, chasteberry, licorice, turnip, oat, aloe vera, calendula, green tea, carrot, and red pepper. These plants exert their effects through multiple mechanisms, such as inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, suppressing angiogenesis, and modulating inflammatory responses. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that medicinal plants traditionally used in Iranian medicine, owing to their rich bioactive compound content, hold promise as complementary strategies for breast cancer prevention and management. Further clinical and experimental studies are necessary to support the development of safer and more effective therapeutic options.}, Keywords = {Women, Breast Cancer, Medicinal Plants, Iranian Traditional Medicine, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {161-169}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Aghdaki, Maryam and Kamkari, Sim}, title = {Application of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: A Review of Emerging Strategies for Targeted Therapy}, abstract ={Objective: Ovarian cancer remains highly lethal, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and the limitations of conventional therapies, which are often associated with systemic toxicity and limited tumor specificity. Nanoparticles, owing to their nanoscale dimensions, high surface-to-volume ratio, and capacity for surface functionalization, offer improved drug delivery and precise tumor targeting. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the principal types of nanoparticles employed in ovarian cancer therapy, with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes findings from experimental and preclinical studies investigating nanoparticle-based interventions in ovarian cancer. Relevant publications were identified through systematic searches of established scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies focusing on nanoparticle design, targeting strategies, drug-loading efficiency, and therapeutic outcomes were critically evaluated and analyzed. Results: A diverse range of nanostructures has been investigated for the treatment of ovarian cancer. These include magnetoelectric CoFe₂O₄@BaTiO₃ nanoparticles; poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoplatforms co-delivering cisplatin and HER2-targeted antibodies; biodegradable periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin; polymer-based immunotargeted nanoparticles (NPs–Tx–HER); mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs); poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanoparticles encapsulating paclitaxel; PARP1-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanocarriers; folate-conjugated lipid nanoparticles; cathepsin B–responsive doxorubicin prodrug nanoparticles; and PTP@SR-717 nanocomplexes. Across in vitro and in vivo models, these nanosystems have demonstrated enhanced tumor-specific accumulation, improved intracellular drug delivery, reduced systemic toxicity, and potentiation of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic efficacy. Conclusion: Nanoparticle-based therapies represent a significant advancement in ovarian cancer treatment, enabling precise tumor targeting and controlled drug release. This approach minimizes the systemic toxicity commonly associated with conventional chemotherapy while enhancing anticancer efficacy. When integrated with cytotoxic agents, gene-silencing molecules, or monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticle platforms facilitate the development of personalized and more effective therapeutic strategies. Ultimately, these innovations hold considerable potential to improve clinical outcomes and enhance patients’ quality of life.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {170-184}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-394-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-394-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Gharibi, Amirabbas and Niazvand, Firoozeh and Teimouri, Mahtab and Aidy, Ali}, title = {Evaluation the Effects of Medicinal Plants in the Zagros Mountains on the Reproductive System: A Systematic Review}, abstract ={Objective: Infertility is a global challenge for couples and may arise from various factors. Studies have highlighted a link between oxidative stress and infertility, emphasizing the role of antioxidants in mitigating reproductive damage. Certain medicinal plants with antioxidant properties have traditionally been used for this purpose. This review focuses on the effects of Pistacia atlantica, Capparis spinosa, Matricaria chamomilla L., and Ferulago angulata, commonly found in Iran’s Zagros Mountains, on the reproductive system. This study systematically reviewed research on the effects of Zagros-native plant species on infertility, analyzing findings from multiple scientific databases using qualitative methods. Methods: Indexed searches were conducted in Persian and English using the terms ((“Fertility” OR “Reproductive System” OR “Testis” OR “Oocyte” OR “Sexual hormone” OR “LH” OR “FSH” OR “Testosterone” OR “Semen”) AND (“Zagros Mountains” OR “Pistacia atlantica” OR “Baneh” OR “Matricaria chamomilla” OR “Chamomile” OR “Capparis spinosa” OR “Caper” OR “Legji” OR “Ferulago angulata” OR “Chavir”)) from 2000 to 29 December 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran. Out of 342 initially screened articles, 51 were relevant, and 17 fully matched the inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. Results: Most studies reviewed indicate positive effects of these plants on infertility-related parameters. However, a limited number of reports describe adverse effects at certain dosages. Conclusion: Various extracts of these medicinal plants can enhance fertility by promoting healthy gamete production. Careful removal of unnecessary or toxic compounds, adherence to proper extraction methods, and appropriate dosing are essential to minimize potential side effects  }, Keywords = {,Pistacia atlantica,Capparis Spinosa L,Matricaria Chamomilla,Ferulago Angulata,Antioxidant,Infertility}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {185-198}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Aghdaki, Maryam and Kamkari, Sim}, title = {Probiotics as a Therapeutic Strategy in Ovarian Cancer: Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Evidence}, abstract ={Introduction: Ovarian cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting women, and current treatment strategies often have significant limitations. In recent years, probiotics have emerged as a promising adjunctive therapy alongside standard treatments. By modulating the immune system, influencing gut microbiota, and reducing inflammation, probiotics have the potential to improve outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the therapeutic role of probiotics in ovarian cancer management. Methods: A literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Science to identify studies evaluating the effects of probiotics on ovarian cancer. Evidence from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies was collected and analyzed, with a focus on probiotic effects on tumor growth, progression, and therapeutic response. Results: Current evidence suggests that probiotics may confer multifaceted benefits in ovarian cancer management. Strains such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus (including LGG), Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus plantarum have demonstrated the ability to inhibit tumor-associated signaling pathways, reduce cancer cell migration and invasion, and enhance immune responses. Additionally, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium animalis have been associated with decreased drug resistance, modulation of inflammatory responses, and restoration of gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Limosilactobacillus reuteri have shown promising effects by enhancing antitumor immunity and improving the efficacy of complementary therapies. Collectively, these findings indicate that probiotics may serve as valuable adjuncts to conventional ovarian cancer treatments, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes and mitigating adverse effects. Nonetheless, further large-scale clinical trials are warranted. Conclusion: Based on preclinical and limited clinical evidence, probiotics may serve as a safe complementary approach in ovarian cancer therapy; however, their therapeutic efficacy remains inconclusive. Consequently, they should be regarded as an adjunctive strategy rather than a standalone treatment.}, Keywords = {Probiotics,Ovarian cancer,Therapy,Microbiome,Adjunctive treatment}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {199-210}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Zahed, Afshin and TeymouriAzargholenji, Zahra and Abbasian, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Probiotic Therapy in Burn Wound Healing: A Concise Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence}, abstract ={Objective: Burns are among the most common forms of skin injury and are frequently associated with high rates of complications, infections, and delayed wound healing. Key factors that impede recovery include disruption of the skin barrier, microbial imbalance (dysbiosis), persistent inflammation, and elevated oxidative stress. In recent years, probiotic therapy has emerged as a novel and complementary strategy to enhance wound repair, primarily through modulation of immune responses and the microbiota of both the skin and gut. Methods: This concise review systematically examined peer-reviewed literature indexed in reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Preclinical studies, encompassing cellular and animal models, as well as clinical trials investigating the effects of probiotics on burn wound healing, were analyzed. The review focused on publications from 2010 to 2025, with emphasis on probiotic strains, routes of administration, and wound healing outcomes. Results: Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus plantarum, have demonstrated notable efficacy in burn wound repair by inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, reducing inflammation, and accelerating epithelialization, even under infected or diabetic conditions. Other Lactobacillus strains, including L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei, facilitate faster wound recovery by enhancing fibroblast activity and shortening the inflammatory phase. In contrast, Bifidobacterium species primarily support burn patients by strengthening mucosal immunity and mitigating systemic infections. Overall, both topical and oral probiotic interventions appear to be safe and effective adjunctive strategies, exerting their effects through modulation of the microbiome and control of inflammation. Conclusion: Current preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that probiotic therapy can serve as a safe and effective approach to accelerate burn wound healing via modulation of the microbiome and inflammatory responses. Nonetheless, well-designed randomized clinical trials are required to determine the optimal strains, dosages, and routes of administration for maximum therapeutic benefit.  }, Keywords = {Probiotic therapy, Burn wounds, Wound healing, Microbiota, Inflammation, Treatment}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {211-221}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-403-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-403-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Kamkari, Sima and Aghdaki, Maryam}, title = {Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Uterine Fibroids: Evidence from Animal and Human Cell Studies}, abstract ={Introduction: Uterine fibroids are the most prevalent benign tumors among premenopausal women, often presenting with heavy menstrual bleeding, anemia, pelvic pain, and infertility. Conventional treatments, including surgical interventions and systemic pharmacotherapy, are frequently limited by adverse effects and incomplete efficacy. Recent studies have emphasized the potential of nanoparticles as targeted drug delivery systems, offering enhanced drug stability and bioavailability, reduced dosages, and improved therapeutic outcomes. This review aims to examine the primary types of nanoparticles utilized in the treatment of uterine fibroids. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science was conducted to identify studies published between 2010 and 2025 that investigated the use of nanoparticles in uterine fibroid therapy. Keywords included “uterine fibroid,” “nanoparticles,” “therapy,” and related combinations. Both animal models and human cell studies were considered, with extracted data encompassing nanoparticle type, experimental model, dosage, therapeutic outcomes, and safety profiles, summarized in a comprehensive table. Review articles and preclinical studies lacking sufficient data were excluded. Results: The analysis revealed that metallic and polymeric nanoparticles effectively reduced fibroid growth, suppressed Ki67 expression, and promoted apoptosis while enabling controlled drug release. Magnetic and peptide-based nanoparticles improved the efficiency of HSV-TK suicide gene delivery and selectively inhibited fibroid cell proliferation. Liposomal and electrospun nanoparticles enhanced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, modulating proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways in a concentration- and drug-dependent manner. Conclusion: Nanoparticles represent a promising, minimally invasive approach for uterine fibroid management. Various nanoparticle classes—including metallic, polymeric, magnetic, peptide-based, and liposomal systems have demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in both animal models and human cell studies. However, clinical research remains limited, and long-term safety assessments are essential. Future studies should focus on pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing, and potential adverse effects in humans to facilitate the translation of these technologies into clinical practice.  }, Keywords = {Uterine fibroids, Nanoparticles, Drug delivery systems, Gene therapy, Apoptosis, Targeted therapy}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {222-232}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-393-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-393-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Zaminy, Arash and Balani, Mehrnaz and Abbaszadeh, Saber and Eslami, Bahar and KhosravaniHasanKiadeh, Mahoor and Pourzardosht, Navi}, title = {Probiotic Therapy in Wound Healing: A Review of Key Evidence on Probiotic-Based Wound Repair}, abstract ={Objective: Wound healing is a complex, dynamic, and multi-phase biological process comprising hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. This process is influenced by multiple factors, including immune status, nutritional condition, and host microbiome balance. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the role of the microbiome particularly probiotics in enhancing wound repair. These beneficial microorganisms may accelerate healing by modulating inflammatory responses and promoting tissue regeneration. This review aims to critically examine the most relevant scientific evidence regarding the role of probiotics in wound healing and to identify effective strains involved in reducing inflammation, enhancing collagen synthesis, and accelerating tissue regeneration. Methods: In this narrative review, relevant studies were retrieved from major scientific databases using the keywords “probiotics,” “wound healing,” and “tissue regeneration.” The collected literature was analyzed and categorized based on probiotic strains, mechanisms of action, and reported clinical outcomes. A descriptive and analytical synthesis was then performed. Results: Available evidence indicates that several Lactobacillus species particularly Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. reuteri, L. plantarum, and L. casei demonstrate significant potential in accelerating wound healing through anti-inflammatory effects and enhanced collagen synthesis. In addition, Bifidobacterium lactis and B. breve have shown beneficial roles in epithelialization and tissue regeneration. Among yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. boulardii are associated with reduced inflammation and improved structural integrity of repaired tissue. Furthermore, multi-strain probiotic formulations appear to be more effective than single-strain preparations in controlling infection and improving clinical outcomes. Overall, the primary mechanisms involve modulation of the microbiome, inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, and activation of tissue repair signaling pathways. Conclusion: Probiotics represent a promising therapeutic strategy in wound management. Current evidence suggests that these microorganisms can support wound healing through restoration of microbial balance, reduction of inflammation, and stimulation of tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, further large-scale clinical trials are required to determine optimal dosing, strain specificity, and long-term safety profiles.  }, Keywords = {Probiotics,wound healing,Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium,microbiome}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {233-248}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-408-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-408-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {SeyedAshrafi, Mirmahdi}, title = {Herbal Flora of Iran’s Against Gum Bleeding: A Review of the Mechanisms of Action of Medicinal Plants}, abstract ={Objective: Gums play a pivotal role in maintaining oral health by acting as a protective barrier against infection, bleeding, inflammation, and dental erosion. Although proper oral hygiene is the most effective strategy for preserving gum health, various factors can compromise it, leading to disease and bleeding. In addition to oral hygiene practices, certain foods and medicinal plants have been traditionally used to strengthen the gums. This study aims to identify medicinal plants native to Iran that have been traditionally employed to manage gum bleeding. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted using keywords such as “medicinal plants,” “gum bleeding,” “traditional medicine,” and “Iran.” Relevant sources were retrieved from databases including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus, as well as from books on traditional medicine and specialized websites. Results: The most frequently cited medicinal plants reported to have beneficial effects on gum bleeding include Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f., Aloe barbadensis Mill., Punica granatum L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Mentha  piperita L., Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, Olea europaea L., Sesamum indicum L., Malus domestica Borkh., Daucus carota L., Cucumis sativus L., Citrus paradisi Macfad., Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Thymus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Curcuma longa L., Borago officinalis L., Rosa spp. L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Cocos nucifera L., Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Urtica dioica L., Portulaca oleracea L., Salvia officinalis L.. Conclusion: Medicinal plants from Iran’s natural environment represent effective and natural options for managing gum bleeding. Through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, these plants can accelerate the healing of gum tissue, enhance immune function, and improve overall oral health, thereby reducing the risk of recurrent infections and inflammation.  }, Keywords = {,Oral cavity,gums,bleeding,medicinal plants,traditional therapy,Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {249-256}, publisher = {}, url = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-395-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbp.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-395-en.pdf}, journal = {Plant Biotechnology Persa}, issn = {2676-7414}, eissn = {2676-7414}, year = {2026} }