2024 6 1 10 92

Therapeutic Effects of Low Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid on Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Prospective, Interventional, Single Centre Case Series 2 2 Objective: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a common cause of central vision loss, predominantly affecting men between 20 and 60 years of age. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose aspirin in the treatment of acute CSCR. Methods: A total of 60 patients (60 eyes) with a history of acute CSCR while on fenofibrate therapy were randomized into two groups. Group A received aspirin 100 mg orally once daily for 1 month, followed by 100 mg every other day for 5 months. Group B received no medication and served as the control group. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean subretinal fluid vertical diameter (SFVD), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and central macular thickness (CMT) were assessed at baseline and during follow-up visits at 1 week, and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline in terms of BCVA (P = 0.968) or SFVD (P = 0.774). Group A demonstrated significant improvement in BCVA and a significant reduction in SFVD at all follow-up intervals compared with baseline values. Compared with the control group, aspirin treatment resulted in a statistically significant improvement in BCVA (P < 0.001) and a reduction in SFVD (P < 0.001) after 6 months. Moreover, 93.3% (n = 28) of patients in Group A experienced no recurrences during the follow-up period, whereas only 60.0% (n = 18) of patients in Group B achieved complete resolution of CSCR without recurrence. Conclusion: Patients treated with low-dose aspirin experienced faster visual recovery and fewer recurrences compared with untreated patients. These findings suggest that oral aspirin may be a promising therapeutic option for selected patients with acute CSCR. 1 9 2024/02/17 1402/11/28 2024/02/20 1402/12/1 Naser Samadi Naser Samadi Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran India dr.nasersamadi@yahoo.com Ghader Motarjemizadeh Ghader Motarjemizadeh Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran India drkadirmurathan@gmail.com Nasim Moharmzadeh Nasim Moharmzadeh Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran India moharamzade.n@gmail.com central serous chorioretinopathy aspirin acetyl salicylic acid best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) recurrence Liegl R, Ulbig MW. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 2014; 232(2):65-76. doi: 10.1159/000360014.##Iacono P, Battaglia PM, Papayannis A, La Spina C, Varano M, Bandello F. Acute central serous chorioretinopathy: a correlation study between fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain OCT. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2015;253:1889-97. doi: 10.1007/s00417-014-2899-5.##Van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EH, Scholz P, Breukink MB, Dijkman G, Peters PJ, et al. Long‐term follow‐up of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy after successful treatment with photodynamic therapy or micropulse laser. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2021;99(7):805-11. doi: 10.1111/aos.14775.##Breukink MB, Dingemans AJ, den Hollander AI, Keunen JE, MacLaren RE, Fauser S, Querques G, Hoyng CB, Downes SM, Boon CJ. Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: long-term follow-up and vision-related quality of life. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;11:39-46. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S115685.##Islam QU, Farooq MA, Mehboob MA. Factors affecting the visual outcome in acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(1):3-7. doi: 10.12669/pjms.331.11664.##Caccavale A, Romanazzi F, Imparato M, Negri A, Morano A, Ferentini F. Central serous chorioretinopathy: a pathogenetic model. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:239-43. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S17182.##Liegl R, Ulbig MW. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 2014;232(2):65-76. doi: 10.1159/000360014.##Liew G, Quin G, Gillies M, Fraser-Bell S. Central serous chorioretinopathy: a review of epidemiology and pathophysiology. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;41(2):201-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02848.x.##Caccavale A, Romanazzi F, Imparato M, Negri A, Morano A, Ferentini F. Low-dose aspirin as treatment for central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:899-903. doi: 10.2147/opth.s12583.##Peters JM, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(3):181-95. doi: 10.1038/nrc3214.##Yoon BK, Kang YH, Oh WJ, Lee DY, Kim DK, Kessel B, Kang CD. Effects of 17β-Estradiol on the Plasminogen Activator System in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Treated with Lysophophatidylcholine. J Menopausal Med. 2020;26(1):9-17. doi: 10.6118/jmm.19005.##Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Patel PD, Searby C, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) signaling plays a key role in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(25):9854-9868. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.002540.##Hale SA, Sobel B, Benvenuto A, Schonberg A, Badger GJ, Bernstein IM. Coagulation and Fibrinolytic System Protein Profiles in Women with Normal Pregnancies and Pregnancies Complicated by Hypertension. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012;2(2):152-157. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2012.01.004.##Cheng W, Liao Y, Xie Y, Wang Q, Li L, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhou J. Helicobacter pylori-induced fibroblast-derived Serpin E1 promotes gastric cancer growth and peritoneal dissemination through p38 MAPK/VEGFA-mediated angiogenesis. Cancer Cell International. 2023;23(1):326. doi: 10.1186/s12935-023-03177-1.##Mennesson M, Revest JM. Glucocorticoid-Responsive Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) and Its Inhibitor Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): Relevance in Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(5):4496. doi: 10.3390/ijms24054496.##Party H, Dujarrier C, Hébert M, Lenoir S, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Delépée R, et al. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) deficiency predisposes to depression and resistance to treatments. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2019;7(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s40478-019-0807-2.##Sogutlu Sari E, Yazici A, Eser B, Erol MK, Kilic A, Ermis SS, et al. The prevalence of 4G/5G polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene in central serous chorioretinopathy and its association with plasma PAI-1 levels. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2014;33(4):270-4. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2013.854372.##Liu H, Pietersz G, Peter K, Wang X. Nanobiotechnology approaches for cardiovascular diseases: site-specific targeting of drugs and nanoparticles for atherothrombosis. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022;20(1):75. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01279-y.##Bagoly Z, Szegedi I, Kálmándi R, Tóth NK, Csiba L. Markers of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Predicting the Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke Thrombolysis Treatment: A Review of the Literature. Front Neurol. 2019;10:513. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00513.##Alsmman AH, Mostafa EM, Mounir A. Combined Argon Laser and Low Dose Acetylsalicylic acid in Treatment of Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2018;7(3):126-132. PMID: 30386802; PMCID: PMC6205675.##Leisser C, Hirnschall N, Hackl C, Plasenzotti P, Findl O. Eplerenone in patients with chronic recurring central serous chorioretinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2016;26(5):479-84. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000727.##Chan WM, Liu DT, Chan CK, Wong BW, Tam PM, Lam DS. Peripheral retinal neovascularization in bullous central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2004;18(12):1275-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701399.##Stalmans P, Duker JS, Kaiser PK, Heier JS, Dugel PU, Gandorfer A, Sebag J, Haller JA. Oct-based interpretation of the vitreomacular interface and indications for pharmacologic vitreolysis. Retina. 2013;33(10):2003-11. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182993ef8.##Liu P, Fang H, An G, Jin B, Lu C, Li S, et al. Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in Elderly Subjects: Structure and Blood Flow Characteristics of Retina and Choroid. Ophthalmol Ther. 2024;13(1):321-335. doi: 10.1007/s40123-023-00849-z.##Agarwal A. Gass’ atlas of macular diseases. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2011.##Mehta PH, Chhablani J, Wang J, Meyerle CB. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in African Americans at Wilmer Eye Institute. J Natl Med Assoc. 2018;110(3):297-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.06.012.##Maruko I, Iida T, Ojima A, Sekiryu T. Subretinal dot-like precipitates and yellow material in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2011;31(4):759-65. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181fbce8e.##Prakash G, Chauhan N, Jain S, Satsangi SK. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of the Literature. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2013;2(2):104-10. doi: 10.1097/APO.0b013e31829069ee.##Sartini F, Menchini M, Posarelli C, Casini G, Figus M. Bullous Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Rare and Atypical Form of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(9):221. doi: 10.3390/ph13090221.##Stefaniotou M, Vourda E, Katsanos A, Aspiotis M. Multifocal central serous chorioretinopathy associated with steroids in a patient with myasthenia gravis. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2013;4(2):1-6. doi: 10.1159/000351856.##Bujarborua D, Nagpal PN, Deka M. Smokestack leak in central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248(3):339-51. doi: 10.1007/s00417-009-1212-5.##Feenstra HMA, van Dijk EHC, van Rijssen TJ, Tsonaka R, Diederen RMH, Hoyng CB, et al. Long-term follow-up of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy patients after primary treatment of oral eplerenone or half-dose photodynamic therapy and crossover treatment: SPECTRA trial report No. 3. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023;261(3):659-668. doi: 10.1007/s00417-022-05836-x.##Abouammoh MA. Advances in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(4):278-86. doi: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2015.01.007.##Kim YY, Flaxel CJ. Factors influencing the visual acuity of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011;25(2):90-7. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2011.25.2.90.##Wang Y, Wang W, Wang B, Wang Y. The Risk of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Low-Dose Aspirin Users with Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2020;2020:9824615. doi: 10.1155/2020/9824615.##Does aspirin affect the rate of cataract formation? Cross-sectional results during a randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial to prevent serious vascular events. UK-TIA Study Group. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76(5):259-61. doi: 10.1136/bjo.76.5.259.##Jeng CJ, Hsieh YT, Lin CL, Wang IJ. Effect of anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy on the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):127. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02323-z.##Zhang W, Liu H, Rojas M, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Anti-inflammatory therapy for diabetic retinopathy. Immunotherapy. 2011;3(5):609-28. doi: 10.2217/imt.11.24.##Liu Z, Li G, Ma Y, Lin L. The Effects of Aspirin With Combined Compound Danshen Dropping Pills on Hemorheology and Blood Lipids in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients With CHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health. 2021;9:664841. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.664841.##De La Cruz JP, Del Río S, López-Villodres JA, Villalobos MA, Jebrouni N, González-Correa JA. Virgin olive oil administration improves the effect of aspirin on retinal vascular pattern in experimental diabetes mellitus. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(4):560-5. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510000929.##Nowak JZ. Aspirin and age-related macular degeneration: positives versus negatives. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13(6):687-90. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2014.915939.##Liew G, Mitchell P, Wong TY, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ. The association of aspirin use with age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(4):258-64. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1583.##Klein R, Myers CE, Lee KE, Gangnon RE, Sivakumaran TA, Iyengar SK, Klein BE. Small Drusen and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. J Clin Med. 2015;4(3):424-40. doi: 10.3390/jcm4030425.## ##

Science of Toxicology in Rabban Al-Tabari’s Paradise of Wisdom: A Review 2 2 As an important threat throughout history, poisonings have plagued mankind from ancient times to today. This review intended to answer the question that whether toxicology and intoxications have been addressed in the one of the oldest medical texts of traditional Persian medicine; Al-Tabari’s Paradise of Wisdom and whether there had been a specific approach to manage poisonings. Extensive research was conducted in Al-Tabari’s book Firdausu’l-Ḥikmat also known as Paradise of Wisdom using toxicology related keywords. Moreover, current literature was searched with relevant keywords using Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, MagIran, IranMedex, and SID to adapt the data with modern toxicological knowledge. Our result revealed that Al-Tabari described the toxicity and pertinent treatments for Nerium oleander L, Papaver somniferum L, Aconitum ferox Wall, Euphorbia serrata, Anamirta paniculata, Semecarpus Anacardium, Brassica oleracea, Coriandrum sativum, Hyoscyamus albus, and Colchicum autumnale L. He indicated the toxicity of the winds that blowing from areas with toxic pollen and scent of plants. Also, he mentioned the toxicity of snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees, and rabid animals as well as the hazardous creatures including Mus musculus and Lytta vesicatoria along with some descriptions for related treatments. At the end, Al-Tabari reckoned the toxicology and treatments of some toxic minerals including mercury, iron, and lead. Conclusively, Al-Tabari contributed to toxicological sciences though dedicating a proportion of his book Paradise of Wisdom to the subject of toxicants and poisoning therapeutics. Further studies are recommenced to divulge toxicological science in historical sources including traditional medical works. 10 19 2024/02/172023/11/27 1402/9/6 2024/02/202024/02/12 1402/11/23 Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. 5th Kilometer of Khorramabad-Boroujerd Highway Khoramabad, Lorestan, 68151-44316 Iran. ORCID: 0000-0002-4458-7689 India amrollahi.m@lu.ac.ir Jamal Rezaei Orimi Jamal Rezaei Orimi Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services and Disaster Management Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0002-2356-5552 India Rezaei.history93@gmail.com Mohammad Kamalpour Mohammad Kamalpour Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0001-6431-7056 India kamalpour.m@lu.ac.ir Toxicology History Persian Traditional Medicine Medieval Poisoning Prüss-Ustün A, Vickers C, Haefliger P: Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review. Environ Health 2011, 10(9). DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-9##Nepovimova E, Kuca K: The history of poisoning: from ancient times until modern ERA. Archives of toxicology 2019, 93(1):11-24. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2290-0##WY N, Hung L, Lam Y, Pang K, Chong Y, Ching C, WL Mak T: Poisoning by toxic plants in Hong Kong: a 15-year review. Hong Kong medical journal 2019, 25(2):102. DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187745##Jenkins TP, Ahmadi S, Bittenbinder MA, Stewart TK, Akgun DE, Hale M, Nasrabadi NN, Wolff DS, Vonk FJ, Kool J et al: Terrestrial venomous animals, the envenomings they cause, and treatment perspectives in the Middle East and North Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021, 15(12):e0009880. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009880##White J: Clinical toxinology. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2011, 13(3):236-242. DOI: 10.1007/s11908-011-0172-1##Ghorani-Azam A, Sepahi S, Riahi-Zanjani B, Alizadeh Ghamsari A, Mohajeri SA, Balali-Mood M: Plant toxins and acute medicinal plant poisoning in children: A systematic literature review. J Res Med Sci 2018, 23:26. DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_629_17##Karami Matin B, Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M, Rezaei S, Heidari A, Kazemi-Karyani A: Epidemiology and Economic Burden of an Outbreak of Cyclopeptide-Containing Mushroom Poisoning in the West of Iran. Front Public Health 2022, 10:910024. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.910024##Alizadeh F, Moradi F: Skin pores in Persian medical textbooks. JAMA Dermatol 2013, 149(2):215. DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.1859##Zargaran A: Pulmonary Circulation Discovery Before Ibn Nafis-Ancient Persian and Greek Theories: A Narrative Review. JAMA Cardiol 2022, 7(1):105-107. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.3520##Nasiri E, Orimi JR, Hashemimehr M, Aghabeiglooei Z, Rezghi M, Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M: Avicenna’s clinical toxicology approach and beneficial materia medica against oral poisoning. Archives of Toxicology 2023, 97(4):981-989. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03464-w##Tadjbakhsh H: History of veterinary medicine and medicine of Iran. Tehran: Tehran University Publications 2001:231-264.##https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_veterinary_medicine_and_medic.html?id=CI23ugEACAAJ##Browne E: History of Islamic Medicine. Tehran: Scientific and cultural publishing company; 1985.##https://www.google.com/books/edition/Islamic_Medicine/IeGSAAAACAAJ?hl=en##Sajadi MM, Sajadi M-RM, Tabatabaie SM: The history of facial palsy and spasm: Hippocrates to Razi. Neurology 2011, 77(2):174-178. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d23##Siddiqi M: Firdausu'l-Hikmat. In.: Berlin; 1928. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Firdaus_al_%E1%B8%A5ikma_f%C4%AB_%E1%B9%AD_%E1%B9%ADibb/5fBKGwAACAAJ?hl=en##Wakelnig E, Adamson P, Pormann P: Al-Ṭabarī and al-Ṭabarī: compendia between medicine and philosophy. 2017.##Moallemee M, mehrabannejad A: The Role of Tabarestan's Scholars and Scientific Environment in Transferring the Knowledge of Sassanid Era to Islamic Civilization. The History of Islamic Culture and Civilization A Quarterly Research Journal 2013, 3(9):61-90. DOI: 20.1001.1.22520538.1391.3.9.3.7##Tabari A: Ferdous al hekmeh fi al-teb (Paradise of Wisdom) ( In Arabic). Beirot: Dar-al Kotob al-elmie; 2002.##Gupta RC: Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles: Academic press; 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-67763-7##Goldfrank L, Flomenbaum N, Nelson L: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, Eighth Edition: McGraw-Hill Companies,Incorporated; 2006.##Alinejad S, Zamani N, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O: A narrative review of acute adult poisoning in Iran. Iranian journal of medical sciences 2017, 42(4):327. DOI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5523040/##Stine K: Principle of Toxicology. English: CRC Press; 2013.##Barceloux DG: Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals: John Wiley & Sons; 2008. DOI:10.1002/9780470330319##Caloni F, Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Rivolta M, Davanzo F: Epidemiological study (2006-2012) on the poisoning of small animals by human and veterinary drugs. Vet Rec 2014, 174(9):222. DOI: 10.1136/vr.102107##Goodarzi F, Karrari P, Eizadi-Mood N, Mehrpour O, Misagh R, Setude S, Amrollahi M: Epidemiology of drug abuse (chronic intoxication) and its related factors in a MMT Clinic in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology 2011, 4(4). DOI: https://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.html##Stegelmeier BL, Field R, Panter KE, Hall JO, Welch KD, Pfister JA, Gardner DR, Lee ST, Colegate S, Davis TZ: Selected poisonous plants affecting animal and human health. In: Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology. edn.: Elsevier; 2013: 1259-1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415759-0.00040-6##Warrell DA: Animals hazardous to humans: venomous bites and stings and envenoming. In: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases. edn.: Elsevier; 2020: 966-987. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-4390-4.00134-X##Klaassen C, Watkins J: Casarett & Doull's essentials of toxicology. English: McGraw Hill Professional; 2021.DOI: https://books.google.com/books/about/Casarett_Doull_s_Essentials_of_Toxicolog.html?id=WFNSzQEACAAJ##Orfila MJB: General system of toxicology. M. Carey & Son; 1817. https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_General_System_of_Toxicology/F6gQAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0##Blyth AW: Poisons: Their effects and detection: Charles Griffin, limited; 1895.##https://www.google.com/books/edition/Poisons/a1m15Vhv4wIC?hl=en&gbpv=0##Tanner TH: Memoranda on poisons. 1878: Henry Renshaw; 1878. https://books.google.com/books/about/Memoranda_on_Poisons.html?id=TSIDAAAAQAAJ##Bingham E, Cohrssen B: Patty's Toxicology, vol. 6 Volume Set: John Wiley & Sons.; 2012. https://books.google.com/books/about/Patty_s_Toxicology_6_Volume_Set.html?id=nx88tAEACAAJ##Shannon MW, W. Borron S, M. B: Haddad and Winchester's clinical management of poisoning and drug overdose: Saunders/Elsevier; 2007. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780721606934/haddad-and-winchesters-clinical-management-of-poisoning-and-drug-overdose##Timbrell J: Introduction to toxicology: CRC Press; 2001. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003016724##Hosseinian Yeganeh N, Shishegar A, Emami M, Nejad Ebrahimi S: Study of the traces of nature in herbal deposits of a thousand-year-old Alembic glass analyzed and processed by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2020, 6(1):119-135. DOI: 10.29252/jra.6.1.119##Olson KR, Anderson I, Benowitz N, Blanc P, Clark R, Kearney T, Kim-Katz S, Alan Wu A: Poisoning & drug overdose: McGraw Hill / Medical; 2017.##https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2284§ionid=177337358##Beck R, Pollak A, Rahm S: Intermediate emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured. English Jones & Bartlett Pub; 2010. http://www.jblearning.com/catalog/9780763722449/##Moradi M, Ghaemi K, Mehrpour O: A hospital base epidemiology and pattern of acute adult poisoning across Iran: a systematic review. Electronic physician 2016, 8(9):2860-2870. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/2860##Ward C, Sair M: Oral poisoning: an update. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain 2010, 10(1):6-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkp039##Haq SN: Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and his Kitāb al-Ahjār (Book of Stones), vol. 158: Springer Science & Business Media; 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1898-9##Porter V, Saif L, Savage‐Smith E: Medieval Islamic amulets, talismans, and magic. A companion to Islamic art and architecture 2017:521-557. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119069218.ch21##Rosner F: The life of Moses Maimonides, a prominent medieval physician. Einstein Quart J Biol Med 2002, 19:125-128. https://www.einsteinmed.edu/uploadedFiles/EJBM/19Rosner125.pdf##Ahmed S, Hasan MM: Muslim heritage in medicine: a concise review on Greco-Arabic contribution. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016, 5(4):273-283.##White J, Meier J: Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons: CRC press; 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203719442##Jahez A: al-Haywan, with commentary and research by Abd al-Salam Mohammad Harun, seven volumes. Egypt: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi School and Oladeh.##Qazvini Z: Ajayeb al-makhloghat va gharaeb al-mojodat (Wonders of Creatures and the Strangers of Creatures) tehran: majma zakhayere islami; 2013. https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1957.13/##Adil HA: Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy: Islamic Supreme Council of America; 2002. https://books.google.com/books/about/Muhammad_the_Messenger_of_Islam.html?id=31tscfPF4tkC## ##

A comparative Study on Surgical Outcomes in Primary Pterygium Excision Using Argon Laser Therapy Versus Bare Sclera Technique: A Randomized Prospective Trial 2 2 Objective: The frequency of recurrence is a critical factor in the utilization of different treatments for pterygium. The present study was undertaken to compare the pterygium recurrence rates after bare sclera excision with that of argon laser therapy. Methods: Sixty eyes of 53 patients with primary pterygium were included in this prospective, interventional case series. The participants were randomly categorized into 2 groups each consisting of 30 subjects. In the first group, pterygium excision was performed using bare sclera technique whereas the second group received argon laser therapy alone. The patients were examined for pterygium recurrence and complications at postoperative 1 and 7 days as well as in months 1, 3, and 6 after the operation. All analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 17.0) and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Pterygia recurred in 7 eyes (23.3 %) in the first group (i.e. bare sclera group) and in 4 eyes (13.3 %) in the second group (i.e. argon laser therapy group). The recurrence rate was not significantly different between the two groups. No ocular or systemic complication developed till the end of follow-up. Conclusion:  Argon laser photocoagulation of pterygium may be more favorable for patients with coagulopathy or a history of conjunctival surgery. The coagulation effect of the argon laser may prevent severe conjunctival bleeding, which may occur after surgical excision in patients with coagulopathy. 20 27 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/17 1402/11/28 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/20 1402/12/1 Ghader Motargemizadeh Ghader Motargemizadeh Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran India gader.motarjemizade@gmail.com Naser Samadi Naser Samadi Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran India dr.nasersamadi@yahoo.com Nazanin Khadem Nazanin Khadem Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran India Nazanin.khadem74@gmail.com Pterygium Sclera laser therapy recurrence Kurna SA, Altun A, Aksu B, Kurna R, Sengor T. Comparing treatment options of pterygium: limbal sliding flap transplantation, primary closing, and amniotic membrane grafting. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2013;23(4):480−487. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000263.##Mahar PS, Manzar N. Pterygium recurrence related to its size and corneal involvement. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2013;23:120−123. PMID: 23374515.##Huerva V, March A, Martinez-Alonso M, Muniesa MJ, Sanchez C. Pterygium surgery by means of conjunctival autograft: long term follow-up. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(4):251−255. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27492012000400006.##Kareem AA, Farhood QK, Alhammami HA. The use of antimetabolites as adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of pterygium. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:1849−1854. Kareem AA, Farhood QK, Alhammami HA. The use of antimetabolites as adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of pterygium. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:1849-54. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S38388.##Kaufman SC, Jacobs DS, Lee WB, Deng SX, Rosenblatt MI, Shtein RM. Options and adjuvants in surgery for pterygium: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):201−208. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.066.##Norn MS. Prevalence of pinguecula in Greenland and in Copenhagen, and its relation to pterygium and spheroid degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1979;57:96–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1979.tb06664.x.##Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Yekta A, Jafarzadehpour E, Ostadimoghaddam H, Kangari H. The prevalence and determinants of pterygium in rural areas. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2016;29(3):194-198. doi: 10.1016/j.joco.2016.09.002.##Furuya-Kanamori L, Dulanto-Reinoso CM, Stone JC, Marroquín L, Dulanto-Reinoso VCh, Roca JA, et al. Neoplasia escamosa de la superficie ocular en pacientes con pterigión en Perú [Squamous neoplasia of the ocular surface in patients with pterygium in Peru]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2014;31(4):689-94. Spanish. PMID: 25597719.##Lan A, Xiao F, Wang Y, Luo Z, Cao Q. Efficacy of fibrin glue versus sutures for attaching conjunctival autografts in pterygium surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of evidence. Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 6;8(25):41487. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17195.##Urbinati F, Borroni D, Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora M, Sánchez-González JM, García-Lorente M, Zamorano-Martín F, et al. Pseudopterygium: An Algorithm Approach Based on the Current Evidence. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022 Jul 30;12(8):1843. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12081843.##Kocamis O, Bilgec M. Evaluation of the recurrence rate for pterygium treated with conjunctival autograft. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2014;252:817-20. doi: 10.1007/s00417-014-2581-y.##Kumar S, Singh R. Pterygium excision and conjunctival autograft: A comparative study of techniques. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(2):124-128. doi: 10.4103/ojo.OJO_6_2017.##Qin XJ, Chen HM, Guo L, Guo YY. Low-dose strontium-90 irradiation is effective in preventing the recurrence of pterygia: a ten-year study. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043500.##Sharma B, Bajoria SK, Mishra M, Iqubal N. Refractive Outcomes of Simultaneous Pterygium and Cataract Surgery With Fibrin Glue. Cureus. 2021;13(11):e19857. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19857.##Ghiasian L, Samavat B, Hadi Y, Arbab M, Abolfathzadeh N. Recurrent Pterygium: A Review. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2022 Jan 6;33(4):367-378. doi: 10.4103/joco.joco_153_20.##Zhang X, Jiang Y, Fu Q, Zhang X, Chen Y. Efficacy of bevacizumab in the treatment of pterygium: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Sep;98:107921. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107921.##Doğan E, Çakır B, Aksoy N, Köse E, Alagöz G. Does pterygium morphology affect corneal astigmatism? Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2021;13:25158414211030423. doi: 10.1177/25158414211030423.##Zhou WP, Zhu YF, Zhang B, Qiu WY, Yao YF. The role of ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of pterygia (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2016;14(1):3-15. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5223.##Martins TG, Costa AL, Alves MR, Chammas R, Schor P. Mitomycin C in pterygium treatment. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(3):465-8. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2016.03.25.##Al-Salem KM, Saif AT, Saif PS. Comparing adjuvant beta radiation, mitomycin C, and conjunctival autograft in primary pterygium treatment, a three-year follow-up study. Open J. Ophthalmol. 2020;14(1). DOI: 10.2174/1874364102014010082##Han SB, Yang HK, Hyon JY, Wee WR. Conjunctival metaplasia after pterygium excision and limbal autograft. Optom Vis Sci. 2015;92(3):324-8. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000517.##Oguz H, Kilitcioglu A, Yasar M. Limbal conjunctival mini-autografting for preventing recurrence after pterygium surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006;16(2):209-13. doi: 10.1177/112067210601600203.##Torres-Gimeno A, Martínez-Costa L, Ayala G. Preoperative factors influencing success in pterygium surgery. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012;12:38. doi: 10.1186/1471-2415-12-38.##Ozer A, Yildirim N, Erol N, Yurdakul S. Long-term results of bare sclera, limbal-conjunctival autograft and amniotic membrane graft techniques in primary pterygium excisions. Ophthalmologica. 2009;223(4):269-73. doi: 10.1159/000210444.##Phathanthurarux S, Chantaren P. A Survey of Surgical Techniques in Pterygium, Thailand 2016. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2019;8(6):476-480. doi: 10.1097/01.APO.0000605100.25659.f7.##Zhou WP, Zhu YF, Zhang B, Qiu WY, Yao YF. The role of ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of pterygia. Mol. Med. Rep.2016;14(1):3-15. doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5223##Shahraki T, Arabi A, Feizi S. Pterygium: an update on pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2021;13:25158414211020152. doi: 10.1177/25158414211020152.##Khan FA, Niazi SP. Effect of pterygium morphology on recurrence with preoperative subconjunctival injection of mitomycin-C in primary pterygium surgery. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019;29(7):639-43. doi: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.07.639.##Ghiasian L, Samavat B, Hadi Y, Arbab M, Abolfathzadeh N. Recurrent Pterygium: A Review. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2022;33(4):367-378. doi: 10.4103/joco.joco_153_20.##Nuzzi R, Tridico F. How to minimize pterygium recurrence rates: clinical perspectives. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2018:2347-62. doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S186543##Palewski M, Budnik A, Konopińska J. Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Different Pterygium Surgeries: A Review of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(18):11357. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811357.##Martins TG, Costa AL, Alves MR, Chammas R, Schor P. Mitomycin C in pterygium treatment. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(3):465-8. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2016.03.25.##Mohammed I. Pre- and intraoperative mitomycin C for recurrent pterygium associated with symblepharon. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013;7:199-202. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S40472.##Alizadeh Y, Akbari M, Moghadam RS, Dourandeesh M, Moravej Z. Comparison of Pterygium Recurrence with and without Using Postsurgical Topical Cyclosporin A 0.05%: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2022;34(2):208-215. doi: 10.4103/joco.joco_285_21.##Young AL, Ho M, Jhanji V, Cheng LL. Ten-year results of a randomized controlled trial comparing 0.02% mitomycin C and limbal conjunctival autograft in pterygium surgery. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(12):2390-2395. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.05.033.##Vassallo J, Pirotta ST, Sciriha GM, De Bono Agius M, Vella M. Can pterygium excision with mitomycin C leaving bare sclera be salvaged?. Malta Medical J. 2017;1(3):1-7.##Bamdad S, Kooshki AS, Yasemi M. Surgical outcome of conjunctival rotational autograft-mitomycin C (MMC) versus free conjunctival autograft-MMC for pterygium removal: A randomized clinical trial. Electron Physician. 2017;9(12):5877-5884. doi: 10.19082/5877.##Dehghani A, Ashtari A, Ghatreh Samani H. Pterygium Recurrence in Amniotic Membrane Graft and Mitomycin C Me-thods. J. Isfahan Med. Sch. 2011;28(122):1808-13.[In Persian].##Eslami F, Alizadeh M, Seifrabiei MA, Mohebi Emam N. Comparison of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation and Conjunctival Autograft Transplantation for the Treatment of Pterygium. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2019;25(4):215-21. doi:10.21859/ajcm.25.4.215##Kucukerdonmez C, Karalezli A, Akova YA, Borazan M. Amniotic membrane transplantation using fibrin glue in pterygium surgery: a comparative randomised clinical trial. Eye. 2010;24(4):558-66. doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.136.##Taher NO, Alnabihi AN, Hersi RM, Alrajhi RK, Alzahrani RA, Batais WT, et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation and conjunctival autograft combined with mitomycin C for the management of primary pterygium: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:981663. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.981663.##Li M, Zhu M, Yu Y, Gong L, Zhao N, Robitaille MJ. Comparison of conjunctival autograft transplantation and amniotic membrane transplantation for pterygium: a meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;250(3):375-81. doi: 10.1007/s00417-011-1820-8.## ##

Exploring Potassium in Tomatoes and cucumis melo through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: A Scientific Insight 2 2 Objective: Among the numerous plant mineral supplements, potassium (K) projects as a cation showing the most grounded impact on quality properties that discourage- mine natural product attractiveness, customer inclination, and the concentration of fundamentally imperative human-health related phytonutrients. Be that as it may, numerous plant, soil, and natural variables frequently restrain satisfactory take-up of K from the soil in adequate sums to fulfill natural product K necessities amid advancement to optimize the previously mentioned quality traits.  Methods: In this study, the atomic absorption method was used to check the total amount of potassium in tomatoes and melons. First, the plant sample was collected in spring (2021-2022) in Ilam city and dried in the shade, then it was prepared and the amount of potassium was measured by an atomic absorption device. Results: The results showed that the amount of potassium in tomatoes and Cucumis melo were about 330 and 352 mg/100gr, respectively. Conclusion: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy opens a scientific window into the potassium content of tomatoes and Cucumis melo, offering precise measurements and valuable insights. By bridging the gap between scientific analysis and nutritional awareness, this exploration enhances our appreciation for tomatoes and Cucumis melo not only a culinary delight but also a rich source of essential minerals.   28 31 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/6 1403/1/18 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/8 1403/1/20 Reza Asadzadeh Reza Asadzadeh Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran India dr.r_asadzadeh@yahoo.com Elahe Karimi Elahe Karimi Biotechnology and Medicnal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran India karimi-e@medilam.ac.ir Potassium Tomatoes Cucumis melo Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Plant mineral nutrients Abdulla M, Chmielnicka J. New aspects on the distribution and metabolism of essential trace elements after dietary exposure to toxic metals. Biological Trace Element Research. 1989;23(1):25-53. DOI: 10.1007/BF02917176##Duruibe J, C O, Egwurugwu J. Heavy Metal Pollution and Human Biotoxic Effects. Int J Phys Sci. 2007;2:112-8. DOI: 10.5897/IJPS.9000289##Murthy S, Bali G, Sarangi S. Effect of lead on metallothionein concentration in lead- resistant bacteria Bacillus cereus isolated from industrial effluent. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY. 2011;10. DOI:10.5897/AJB11.1645##A Y, Liaghat A, Asadollahfardi G. Investigation of cadmium absorption accumulation in different part of vegetables. American-Eurasian J Agriculture and environmental science. 2008. doi.org/10.22092/fooder.2023.356738.1320##McCreight JD, Nerson H, Grumet R. 20 - Melon: Cucumis melo L. In: Kalloo G, Bergh BO, editors. Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops. Amsterdam: Pergamon; 1993. p. 26794. DOI: 10.4238/2013.December.6.3##Mauro RP, Rizzo V, Leonardi C, Mazzaglia A, Muratore G, Distefano M, et al. Influence of Harvest Stage and Rootstock Genotype on Compositional and Sensory Profile of the Elongated Tomato cv. “Sir Elyan”. 2020;10(3):82. doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030082##Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Saeed M, Naveed M, Arain MA, Arif M, et al. Nutritional applications and beneficial health applications of green tea and l-theanine in some animal species: A review. 2020;104(1):245-56. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13219##Singh D, Singh PP, Naruka I, Rathore SS, Shaktawat RPS. Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of coriander. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 2012;69:91-3. DOI: 2869-2870##Kanai S, Moghaieb RE, El-Shemy HA, Panigrahi R, Mohapatra PK, Ito J, et al. Potassium deficiency affects water status and photosynthetic rate of the vegetative sink in green house tomato prior to its effects on source activity. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology. 2011;180(2):368-74. • DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.10.011##Caretto S, Parente A, Serio F, Santamaria P. Influence of Potassium and Genotype on Vitamin E Content and Reducing Sugar of Tomato Fruits %J HortScience horts. 2008;43(7):2048-51. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.2048##Kaya C, Kirnak H, Higgs D. Enhancement of growth and normal growth parameters by foliar application of potassium and phosphorus in tomato cultivars grown at high (NaCl) salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition - J PLANT NUTR. 2001;24:357-67. 10.1081/PLN-100001394##Liu K, Zhang TQ, Tan CS, Astatkie T. Responses of Fruit Yield and Quality of Processing Tomato to Drip-Irrigation and Fertilizers Phosphorus and Potassium. 2011;103(5):1339-45. DOI:10.2134/agronj2011.0111##Asirvatham JR, Moses V, Bjornson L. Errors in potassium measurement: a laboratory perspective for the clinician. North American journal of medical sciences. 2013;5(4):255-9. DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.110426##Collins EJ, Bowyer C, Tsouza A, Chopra M. Tomatoes: An Extensive Review of the Associated Health Impacts of Tomatoes and Factors That Can Affect Their Cultivation. Biology. 2022;11(2). doi: 10.3390/biology11020239##Madu A. Trace Metal Distribution and Nutritional Values of some varieties of Watermelon in Ogun State Nigeria. 2018. doi.org/10.32628/IJSRCH183307##Demiral MA, Köseoglu AT. Effect of Potassium on Yield, Fruit Quality, and Chemical Composition of Greenhouse-Grown Galia Melon. Journal of Plant Nutrition.28(1):93-100. DOI:10.1081/PLN-200042179##Preciado-Rangel P, Salas-Pérez L, Gallegos-Robles MÁ, Ruiz-Espinoza FH, Ayala-Garay AV, Fortis-Hernández M, et al. Increasing doses of potassium increases yield and quality of muskmelon fruits under greenhouse. Horticultura Brasileira. 2018;36. DOI:10.1590/S0102-053620180206##Bhowmik D, Kumar K, Paswan S, Srivastava S. Tomato-A Natural Medicine and Its Health Benefits INTRODUCTION: Tomatoes are a member of. 2012;1. doi: 10.3390/biology11020239.## ##

Investigating the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using the Alcoholic Extract of Spirulina subsalsa Algae 2 2 Objective: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are valuable commercial nanomaterials due to their unique biological properties. As bacteria become more resistant to synthetic antibiotics, exploring natural alternatives such as essential oils, plant extracts, and mineral substances has become essential. Algae, which are diverse and widespread, are noteworthy for their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study focused on creating AgNPs using Spirulina algae alcoholic extract and examining their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: AgNPs were synthesized by the green method and evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy) TEM(. The green synthesis was evaluated at 400-450 nm using a spectrophotometer. Then, the total phenol and flavonoid content of AgNPs were measured. The Diphenyl Picryhydrazyl (DPPH) test was used to evaluate the antioxidant properties. The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated by Minimum Inhibitory Concenteration (MIC) and Minimum Bacteriocidal Concentration (MBC) tests. Results: The FT-IR results demonstrate the successful synthesis of AgNPs with unique covalent bonding. DLS analysis also confirms spherical nanoparticle morphology and uniform 15-20 nm distribution. In MIC/MBC results, the antibacterial effect of AgNPs was observed within the first few hours (1 to 5 hours), reaching its peak at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth and survival of both gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Green-synthesized AgNPs have antibacterial effects in addition to antioxidant capabilities. As they can kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, these nanoparticles might be a great alternative to conventional antibiotics.   32 42 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/62024/03/24 1403/1/5 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/82024/04/28 1403/2/9 Mona babakhani Mona babakhani Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Masters degree India monababakhani7@gmail.com sepideh khaleghi sepideh khaleghi Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Assistant Professor India sp.khaleghi@gmail.com shadi hajrasouliha shadi hajrasouliha Herbal Pharmacology Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran, Assistant Professor India sh.hajrasouliha@iautmu.ac.ir Antibacterial agents Antioxidants Biosynthesis Metal nanoparticle Spirulina Wei L, Lu J, Xu H, Patel A, Chen Z-S, Chen G. Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and therapeutic applications. Drug discovery today. 2015;20(5):595-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.014##Ismail GA, Allam NG, El-Gemizy WM, Salem MA. The role of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Anabaena variabilis and Spirulina platensis cyanobacteria for malachite green removal from wastewater. Environmental technology. 2021;42(28):4475-89. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09593330.2020.1766576.##Yin IX, Zhang J, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Li Q, Chu CH. The antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and its application in dentistry. International journal of nanomedicine. 2020:2555-62.##Ansar S, Tabassum H, Aladwan NS, Naiman Ali M, Almaarik B, AlMahrouqi S, et al. Eco friendly silver nanoparticles synthesis by Brassica oleracea and its antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):18564.##Kumar A, Ramamoorthy D, Verma DK, Kumar A, Kumar N, Kanak KR, et al. Antioxidant and phytonutrient activities of Spirulina platensis. Energy Nexus. 2022;6:100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100070##Prüser T, Braun P, Wiacek C. Microalgae as a novel food. Potential and legal framework. Ernahr Umsch. 2021;68:78-85.##Zhao Y, Han C, Wu Y, Sun Q, Ma M, Xie Z, et al. Extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from three microalgae. Science of The Total Environment. 2024:172567.##Taylor TA, Unakal CG. Staphylococcus aureus infection. 2017.##Rasmussen RV, Fowler Jr VG, Skov R, Bruun NE. Future challenges and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with emphasis on MRSA. Future microbiology. 2011;6(1):43-56.##Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler Jr VG. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2015;28(3):603-61.##Young LS. The clinical challenge of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The University of Chicago Press; 1984. p. S603-S7.##Pelegrin AC, Palmieri M, Mirande C, Oliver A, Moons P, Goossens H, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a clinical and genomics update. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2021;45(6):fuab026.##Reig S, Le Gouellec A, Bleves S. What Is New in the Anti–Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Development Pipeline Since the 2017 WHO Alert? Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2022;12:909731.##Lister PD, Wolter DJ, Hanson ND. Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2009;22(4):582-610.##Mocan A, Vlase L, Vodnar DC, Bischin C, Hanganu D, Gheldiu A-M, et al. Polyphenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. leaves. Molecules. 2014;19(7):10056-73. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/molecules190710056##Chang C-C, Yang M-H, Wen H-M, Chern J-C. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of food and drug analysis. 2002;10(3). https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748##Akbarizare M, Ofoghi H, Hadizadeh M, Moazami N. In vitro assessment of the cytotoxic effects of secondary metabolites from Spirulina platensis on hepatocellular carcinoma. Egyptian Liver Journal. 2020;10:1-8.##Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M-E, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food science and Technology. 1995;28(1):25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5##El-Sheekh MM, El-Kassas HY. Application of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against a cancer promoter cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014;15(16):6773-9. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.16.6773##Ebrahimzadeh A, Karamian M, Abedi F, Hanafi-Bojd MY, Ghatee MA, Hemmati M, et al. Topically applied luteolin/quercetin-capped silver nanoparticle ointment as antileishmanial composite: Acceleration wound healing in BALB/c mice. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2023;2023:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1878170##El-Batal AI, Mosallam FM, El-Sayyad GS. Synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles by fluconazole drug and gamma rays to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant microbes. Journal of Cluster Science. 2018;29(6):1003-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-1411-5##Garibo D, Borbón-Nuñez HA, de León JND, García Mendoza E, Estrada I, Toledano-Magaña Y, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lysiloma acapulcensis exhibit high-antimicrobial activity. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69606-7##Rico M, González AG, Santana-Casiano M, González-Dávila M, Pérez-Almeida N, de Tangil MS. Production of primary and secondary metabolites using algae. Prospects and challenges in algal biotechnology. 2017:311-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1950-0_12##Bhowmick S, Mazumdar A, Moulick A, Adam V. Algal metabolites: An inevitable substitute for antibiotics. Biotechnology advances. 2020;43:107571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107571##Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2018;18(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30753-3##Hutchings MI, Truman AW, Wilkinson B. Antibiotics: past, present and future. Current opinion in microbiology. 2019;51:72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.008##Mubeen B, Ansar AN, Rasool R, Ullah I, Imam SS, Alshehri S, et al. Nanotechnology as a novel approach in combating microbes providing an alternative to antibiotics. Antibiotics. 2021;10(12):1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121473##Hamouda RA, Yousuf WE, Abdeen EE, Mohamed A. Biological and chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Characterization, MIC and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. J Chem Pharm Res. 2019;11:1-12.##Muthusamy G, Thangasamy S, Raja M, Chinnappan S, Kandasamy S. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Spirulina microalgae and its antibacterial activity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017;24(23):19459-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9772-0##Grosshagauer S, Kraemer K, Somoza V. The true value of Spirulina. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2020;68(14):4109-15. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08251##Karkos P, Leong S, Karkos C, Sivaji N, Assimakopoulos D. Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2011;2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen058##Agostini-Costa TdS, Teodoro AFP, Alves RdBdN, Braga LR, Ribeiro IF, Silva JP, et al. Total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and antioxidant activity of lima beans conserved in a Brazilian Genebank. Ciência Rural. 2014;45:335-41. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140030##Garibo D, Borbón-Nuñez HA, de León JND, García Mendoza E, Estrada I, Toledano-Magaña Y, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lysiloma acapulcensis exhibit high-antimicrobial activity. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):12805. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69606-7## ##

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effects of Newly Synthesized Derivative Methyl 2'-Methyl-1,3-Dioxo-1,1',2',3,5',6',7',7a'-Octahydrospiro[Indene-2,3'-Pyrrolizidine]-2' Carboxylate against Staphylococus Aureus and Escherichia Coli. 2 2 Objective: Unfortunately, infectious diseases are still one of the most important health problems around the world. The resistance of pathogenic bacteria to several drugs is an important and growing problem in the treatment of infectious diseases and hospital infections. It seems necessary to identify new compounds that have inhibitory or lethal effects on this bacterium. That's why we decided antimicrobial efficacy. The newly synthesized compound (2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-',11',2',3',5',6',7'a,7-octahydrospiro] inden-'2,3-pyrrolizidine 2-carboxylate (5) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Methods: At first, synthesized of methyl'2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-1',1',2',3',5',6', 7',7'a, -octahydrospiro] inden-'2,3-pyrrolizidine 2- Carboxylate was prepared by green chemistry method and with the help of microwave in one pot. Microbial culture media containing control bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were prepared and concentrations of 70 to 110 Landa of the above compound were added to the samples. The antimicrobial property of the samples was determined after 3 days using the disk diffusion method and broth micro dilution method was determined, as well as the minimum inhibitory concentration and bacterial lethality of the samples. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration and bacterial lethality in the above combination against the same standard strain of Escherichia coli bacteria was obtained at the rate of 12.5 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory and lethal concentration of methyl methacrylate compound against the standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The use of the above combination was effective in controlling and inhibiting the tested bacteria.   43 48 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/62024/03/242023/11/28 1402/9/7 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/82024/04/282024/01/18 1402/10/28 Reza Akbari Reza Akbari Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of MedicalSciences, Urmia, Iran India akbarireza43@yahoo.com safa azarifam safa azarifam Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran India safaazarifam@gmail.com mehri kouhkan mehri kouhkan Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences,Urmia, Iran India mehrikouhkan@gmail.com Pyrrolizidine Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Ogston A. "On Abscesses". Classics in Infectious Diseases". Rev Infect Dis. 1984, 6(1):28-122.##Khan ST, Ahmad J, Ahamed M, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress, inhibit growth, and attenuate biofilm formation activity of Streptococcus mitis. J BiolInorg Chem. 2016, 21(3): 295-303.##Rose T, Verbeken G, Vos DD, Merabishvili M, Vaneechoutte M, Lavigne R, et al. Experimental phage therapy of burn wound infection: difficult first steps. Int J Burns Trauma. 2014, 4(2):66-73.##Hsueh PR, Hoban DJ, Carmeli Y, Chen SY, Desikan S, Alejandria M, et al. Consensus review of the epidemiology and appropriate antimicrobial therapy of complicated urinary tract infections in Asia-Pacific region. J Infect. 2011, 63(2): 23-114.##Juneja VK, Dwivedi HP, Yan X. Novel natural food antimicrobials. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2013, 3: 381-403.##Escherichia coli". CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Retrieved. 2012-10-02.##Kamal A, Ramakrishna G, Raju P, Rao AV, Viswanath A, Nayak VL. Synthesis and anticancer activity of oxindole derived imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazines. Eur J Med Chem. 2011, 46(6): 2427-2435.##Doi, H., Goto, M. and Sato, Y. Pd0-Mediated Cross-Coupling of [11C]Methyl Iodide with Carboxysilane for Synthesis of [11C]Acetic Acid and its Active Esters: 11C-Acetylation of Small, Medium, and Large Molecules. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2021, 29(6): 3970-3979.##Sevir S, Genc M, Gur S, Koca M. The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new methyl N-arylthiocarbamates, dimethyl N-aryldithiocarbonimidates and 2-arylamino-2-imidazolines. Eur J Med. 2005, 40(2): 687-693.##Asif M, Alghamdi S, Alshaeri S, Kamal M. Synthesis of some new 1-(5-((1H-pyrazol-1- yl)methyl)-2-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl) ethanone derivatives and study their antimicrobial activity. Res Squa. 2018, 14(6): 1202-1210.##Dandia, Anshu , Laxkar, Ashok , Singh, Ruby. ChemInform Abstract: New Multicomponent Domino Reaction on Water: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines] Catalyzed by NaCl. Tetrahedron Letters. 2012, 53: 3012–3017.##Girgis AS. Regioselective synthesis of dispiro[1H-indene-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',3''-[3H]indole]- 1,2''(1''H)-diones of potential anti-tumor properties. Eur J Med Chem 2009;44(1);91-100.##Yin D, Du E, Yuan J, Gao J, Wang Y, Aggrey SE, et al. Supplemental thymol and carvacrol increases ileum Lactobacillus population and reduces effect of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringes in chickens. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7(1): 7334.##Mastelić J, Jerković I, Blazević I, Poljak-Blazi M, Borović S, Ivancić-Baće I, et al. Comparative study on the antioxidant and biological activities of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol derivatives. J Agric Food Chem. 2008, 56(11): 3989-96.##Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Del Mar Contreras M, et al. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res. 2018, 32(9):1675-87.##Hall GS. Bailey & Scott’s diagnostic microbiology, 13th edn. American Society for Clinical Pathology; 2013.##Edition ASN. CLSI document M07-A9. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2021.## ##

Potential Usage of Ruta graveolens L. in Ophthalmology 2 2 Objective: There has been growing interest in medicinal plants due to their therapeutic properties in safe lower doses, despite their unpleasant smell, bitter taste, and toxicity in higher doses. Ruta graveolens L., commonly known as the herb of grace, common rue, rue, ruda, sodab, fijen, and al-suzab is a potential therapeutic candidate with variable healing properties and traditional uses. One of its lesser-known uses is in the treatment of eye conditions. The current study aimed to investigate the ophthalmological potential of Ruta graveolens L. using available scientific literature. Methods: To this end, we extensively searched Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, IranMedex, SID, and Magiran for related literature on the cultural, historical and scientific aspects of Ruta graveolens L. and ophthalmology. Also, traditional Persian medicine books including Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb, Al-Hawi Fi Al-Tibb, Al-Abniya, and Ikhtiyarat Badiei thoroughly searched to find the potential application of rue in ophthalmology. Results:  Our historical, literary, and traditional medicine data revealed that R. graveolens L. used in the ophthalmic field probably due to its beneficial effects in the past. Also, there are some modern studies elucidated the beneficial effects of this plant in ophthalmology. Conclusion:  This study suggests that R. graveolens L. plant can be a promising ophthalmic drug due to its specific ocular benefits warranting further research with modern technologies.   64 53 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/62024/03/242023/11/282023/12/3 1402/9/12 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/82024/04/282024/01/182024/01/18 1402/10/28 Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. 5th Kilometer of Khorramabad-Boroujerd Highway Khoramabad, Lorestan, 68151-44316 Iran. E-mail: amrollahi.m@lu.ac.ir, ORCID: 0000-0002-4458-7689 IranIndia amrollahi.m@lu.ac.ir Mohammad Kamalpour Mohammad Kamalpour Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, IranORCID: 0000-0001-6431-7056 Iran kamalpour.m@lu.ac.ir Jamal Rezaei Orimi Jamal Rezaei Orimi 3Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services and Disaster Management Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. E-mail: Rezaei.history93@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-2356-5552; Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran Rezaei.history93@gmail.com Zahra Aghabeiglooei Zahra Aghabeiglooei Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0001-8467-4202 Iran Aghabeiglooei@gmail.com Ebrahim S alimi-Sabour Ebrahim S alimi-Sabour Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0002-5315-2126 Iran E.salimisabour@gmail.com Sahar Abdelaziz Sahar Abdelaziz 7Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt. ORCID: 0000-0001-9475-6121 Egypt Sah_abdelaziz@zu.edu.eg Integrative Medicine Medicinal plant Pharmacology Persian Medicine Ophthalmology Ruta graveolens L. Altememy D. Blurred vision and medicinal plants. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2024; 3(1): 3-4. doi: 10.34172/jbp.2024.2.##Colucci-D’Amato L, Cimaglia G. Ruta graveolens as a potential source of neuroactive compounds to promote and restore neural functions. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2020;10(3):309-314. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2225411020301632##Ríos J-L, Andújar I. Apoptotic activities of Mediterranean plants. The Mediterranean Diet: Elsevier; 2020. p. 565-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818649-7.00049-7##Stein SA. The Queen of Herbs: A Plant's-Eye View of the Sephardic Diaspora. Jewish Quarterly Review. 2022;112(2):119-138. https://doi.org/10.1353/jqr.2022.0004##Gibson D. Ruta graveolens, a study. British Homeopathic Journal. 1965;54(03):176-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-0785(65)80006-0##Wilmer WH. The blindness of Milton. Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine. 1933;1(3):85-106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44437008##Shayanfar J, Ghasemi H, Esmaili SS, et al. Useful Medicinal Plants for Vision Impairment in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Galen Medical Journal. 2019;8:e1285. DOI:10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1285##Edriss H, Rosales BN, Nugent C, et al. Islamic medicine in the middle ages. Elsevier; 2017. p. 223-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.03.021##Furniss D, Adams T. Herb of grace: an unusual cause of phytophotodermatitis mimicking burn injury. Journal of burn care & research. 2007;28(5):767-769. https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0B013E318148CB82##Fu PP, Xia Q, Zhao Y, et al. Phototoxicity of herbal plants and herbal products. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C. 2013;31(3):213-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2013.824206##Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja AK. The pharmacological potential of rutin. Saudi pharmaceutical journal. 2017;25(2):149-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2016.04.025##Gentile MT, Russo R, Pastorino O, et al. Ruta graveolens water extract inhibits cell-cell network formation in human umbilical endothelial cells via MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Experimental Cell Research. 2018;364(1):50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.025##Bohuslavizki KH, Hinck-kneip C, Kneip A, et al. Reduction of MS-related scotomata by a new class of potassium channel blockers from Ruta graveolens. Neuro-ophthalmology. 1993;13(4):191-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.006. https://doi.org/10.3109/01658109309038150##Sathye SS. Effect of homoeopathic preparation of Ruta graveolens on the progression of childhood myopia before, during and after cessation of treatment: A retrospective study. 2017. DOI:10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_72_16##Sina I. Al-qanun fi al-tibb [the canon of medicine]. Beirut, Lebonan: Alaalami Library. 2005.##Al-Razi MbZ. Al-hawi fi al-tibb. Beirut: Dar Ihya'al-Turauh al-‘Arabi. 2002.##Heravi M. Al Abnieh an Haghaiegh al Advieh. Corrected by Bahmanyar A Tehran: Tehran University publication. 1985.##Ansari Shirazi AiHZ-e-A. Ketab Ekhtiarat Badiei. 15th AD.##Mohanraj K, Karthikeyan BS, Vivek-Ananth R, et al. IMPPAT: A curated database of I ndian M edicinal P lants, P hytochemistry A nd T herapeutics. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):4329. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-22631-z##Vivek-Ananth R, Mohanraj K, Sahoo AK, et al. IMPPAT 2.0: an enhanced and expanded phytochemical atlas of Indian medicinal plants. ACS omega. 2023;8(9):8827-8845. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c00156.## ##

Herbal Remedies for Pediatric Earache in Traditional Iranian Medicine 2 2 Objective: Ear pain (earache) in children and infants often occurs when the ear canal becomes blocked, preventing fluid from draining. This blockage can lead to ear infections, causing pressure on the eardrum and resulting in pain. Other factors contributing to ear pain include infections, inflammation, fluid buildup, injury, and various health conditions. Ear pain is a particularly distressing condition. In Iranian traditional medicine, medicinal plants have long been used to alleviate ear pain in children. The aim of this study is to identify the medicinal plants effective in treating ear pain in children within the context of Iranian traditional medicine. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted using keywords such as "medicinal plants," "traditional medicine," and "migraine" across reputable scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In the next phase, the extracted articles were carefully evaluated, and those not directly related to the research topic were excluded. Ultimately, only traditional sources that specifically examined the impact of medicinal plants on treating ear pain in children were selected for further review and analysis. Results:  In Iranian traditional medicine, a variety of medicinal plants are used to treat ear pain in children. These include cinnamon, clove, lavender, olive, garlic, licorice, eucalyptus, mint, onion, apple, ginger, radish, basil, echinacea, purslane, and chamomile. Conclusion:  Medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine are popular and trusted options for treating ear pain in children due to their natural properties and minimal side effects. These plants, with their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and soothing compounds, can help reduce pain and inflammation in children's ears. Utilizing medicinal plants is not only a natural and cost-effective treatment method but also culturally and historically significant, contributing to the preservation and promotion of Iranian traditional medicine. However, given the sensitivity of treating children, these remedies should be used under the supervision of a physician or a traditional medicine specialist to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the treatment. 65 68 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/62024/03/242023/11/282023/12/32024/08/15 1403/5/25 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/82024/04/282024/01/182024/01/182024/06/4 1403/3/15 Mohammad Salavaty Zadeh Mohammad Salavaty Zadeh Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Sudip Kumar Mandal Sudip Kumar Mandal Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and AHS, W.B., India India gotosudip@rediffmail.com Children Ear Diseases Earache Traditional Medicine Medicinal Plants Hayden GF, Schwartz RH. Characteristics of earache among children with acute otitis media. Am J Dis Child. 1985 Jul;139(7):721-3. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140070063013.##Del Mar C, Glasziou P. A child with earache: are antibiotics the best treatment? Aust Fam Physician. 2002 Feb;31(2):141-4.##Njoroge GN, Bussmann RW. Traditional management of ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases in Central Kenya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Dec;2:1-9. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-1.##Soltanbeigi E, Soltani M. The role of plant secondary metabolites in industry, medicine, and health care. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2024; 3(1): 5-7. doi: 10.34172/jbp.2024.3.##Shaheen S, Abbas S, Hussain J, Mabood F, Umair M, Ali M, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Farooq U, Khan A. Knowledge of medicinal plants for children diseases in the environs of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa (KPK). Front Pharmacol. 2017 Jul 17;8:430. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00430.##Geissler PW, Nokes K, Prince RJ, Achieng'Odhiambo R, Aagaard-Hansen J, Ouma JH. Children and medicines: self-treatment of common illnesses among Luo schoolchildren in western Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 2000 Jun;50(12):1771-83. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00018-2.##Bongiorno PB, Fratellone PM, LoGiudice P. Potential health benefits of garlic (Allium sativum): a narrative review. J Complement Integr Med. 2008 Jan 20;5(1). doi: 10.2202/1553-3840.1184.##Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S. Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future. Mol Med Rep. 2010 Nov;3(6):895-901. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2010.402.##Hoberman A, Paradise JL, Reynolds EA, Urkin J. Efficacy of Auralgan for treating ear pain in children with acute otitis media. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997 Jul;151(7):675-8. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.151.7.675.##Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Asadi-Samani M, Luther T. A review of medicinal plants for the treatment of earache and tinnitus in Iran. Int Tinnitus J. 2017 May 12;21(1):44-9. doi: 10.5935/0946-5448.20170011.##Malik K, Ahmad M, Öztürk M, Altay V, Zafar M, Sultana S, Malik K, Ahmad M, Öztürk M, Altay V, Zafar M. Medicinal Plants Used for Pediatrics or Children Disorders. In: Herbals of Asia: Prevalent Diseases and Their Treatments. 2021:303-70.##Margaret EB, Shetty S. Practices during Common Cold and Ear Ache in Children among the Koraga Tribes: A Descriptive Survey. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2016 Oct;7(4). doi: 10.5958/0976-5506.2016.00124.6.##Clark D. Herbal Healing for Children: A Parent's Guide to Treatments for Common Childhood Illnesses. Book Publishing Company; 2011 Apr 5.##Clark D. Herbal Healing for Children: A Parent's Guide to Treatments for Common Childhood Illnesses. Book Publishing Company; 2011 Apr 5.##Soltanbeigi A, Pirhadi M, Özliman S. Ethno-botanical study of appetizing medicinal plants used in Musian city, west of Iran. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2023; 2(2): 70–74. doi: 10.34172/jbp.2023.5.##Soltani M, Abdi F, Shahsavari S. Exploring dermatological complications of drugs used in acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 treatment: A mini review. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2024; 3(1): 8-13. doi: 10.34172/jbp.2024.4.## ##

A Review of the Most Important Medicinal Plants for Reducing Dental Plaque in Traditional Iranian Medicine 2 2 Objective: Dental plaque, a flexible white or yellow-gray substance, significantly contributes to periodontal diseases. This study aims to present medicinal plants used in traditional Iranian medicine for controlling and treating dental plaque. Methods: In this review study, keywords such as medicinal plant, traditional medicine, and dental plaque were utilized to search SID, Google Scholar, Megaran, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The article abstracts were reviewed, irrelevant studies excluded, and relevant ones selected for analysis. Results:  The findings revealed that medicinal plants like coconut, aloe vera, clove, orange, rosemary, black tea, mango, chebulic myrobalan, miswak, turmeric, barberry, licorice, pomegranate, and black mulberry are essential in traditional Iranian medicine for managing dental plaque. Conclusion:  The medicinal plants identified in this study have been suggested that by antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities effectively combat dental plaques. 69 75 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/62024/03/242023/11/282023/12/32024/08/152024/05/3 1403/2/14 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/82024/04/282024/01/182024/01/182024/06/42024/07/28 1403/5/7 Melika Kakuyi Nezhad Melika Kakuyi Nezhad Periodontics Resident, Kerman Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman Faculty of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran melikaknd@gmail.com Aisan Ghaznavi Aisan Ghaznavi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran aisanghaznavi@yahoo.com Keywords: Tooth Dental plaque Traditional medicine Medicinal plants Iran Rahimi, B., Karimian, S., Ghaznavi, A., & Heydarlou, M. J. (2022). Development and Evaluation of Dental Image Exchange and Management System: A User-Centered Perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.01966.‌##GHAZNAVI DARA, FARAMARZI MASOUMEH, GHAZNAVI AISAN. Gold nanoparticles and osteogenesis. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PERIODONTOLOGY AND IMPLANT DENTISTRY[Internet]. 2019;11(suppl A (19th international congress of Iranian Academy of Periodontology)):0-0. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/774514/en##Talayi Pour, A. R., Hafezi, L., Yarahmadi, A., Ghaznavi, A., Iranparvar, A., & Sahabi, L. (2016). Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of digital intraoral radiography with PSP and CBCT in the detection of horizontal and vertical dental root fractures. Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, 1(4), 32-38.‌##Kurek-Gorecka, A., Walczyńska-Dragon, K., Felitti, R., Nitecka-Buchta, A., Baron, S., & Olczyk, P. (2021). The influence of propolis on dental plaque reduction and the correlation between dental plaque and severity of COVID-19 complications—a literature review. Molecules, 26(18), 5516.‌##van der Sluijs, E., Slot, D. E., Hennequin‐Hoenderdos, N. L., Valkenburg, C., & van der Weijden, F. (2021). Dental plaque score reduction with an oscillating‐rotating power toothbrush and a high‐frequency sonic power toothbrush: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of single‐brushing exercises. International journal of dental hygiene, 19(1), 78-92.‌##Suresh, S., Arumugham, I. M., Doraikannan, S., Rathinavelu, P. K., Prabakar, J., & Balasubramaniam, A. (2021). Comparing the effectiveness of herbal and conventional dentifrices in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 11(6), 601-608.‌##Janakiram, C., Venkitachalam, R., Fontelo, P., Iafolla, T. J., & Dye, B. A. (2020). Effectiveness of herbal oral care products in reducing dental plaque & gingivitis–a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 20, 1-12.‌##Yousefimanesh, H., Robati, M., Piri, A., Boroujeni, A. K., & Sirous, M. (2022). The Antibacterial Analysis of Alcohol-Free and Alcohol-Based Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes Against Oral Bacteria. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 9(1), 16-20.‌##Hrynovets IS, Hrynovets VS, Lysiuk RM. Research design of the release of Amizon, Decametoxine, and Chlorhexidine from the composition of dental medicinal films. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2023; 2(2): 64–69. doi: 10.34172/jbp.2023.13.##Obaid, R. F., Kadhim Hindi, N. K., Kadhum, S. A., jafaar alwaeli, L. A., Jalil, A. T. Antibacterial activity, anti-adherence and anti-biofilm activities of plants extracts against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: An in vitro study in Hilla City, Iraq. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2022; 20(2): 367-372. doi: 10.22124/cjes.2022.5578##Manouchehri N. A review of the most widely used medicinal plants in the treatment of dental and oral disorders and diseases. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2022; 1(1): 3–7. doi: 10.34172/jbp.2022.2.##Baharvand Ahmadi, B., Khajoei Nejad, F., Papi, S., Eftekhari, Z. Phytotherapy for heart tonic: An ethnobotanical study in Dehloran City, Ilam Province, Western Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2023; (): 1-5. doi: 10.22124/cjes.2023.6192##Jasim, S. A., Abdelbasset, W. K., Jawad, M. A., Bokov, D. O., Thangavelu, L., Manouchehri, A. Tramadol toxicity phytotherapy: The protective role of medicinal plants against tramadol toxicity. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2023; 21(1): 227-243. doi: 10.22124/cjes.2023.6234##Rehman, S., Iqbal, Z., Qureshi, R., AlOmar, T. S., Almasoud, N., Younas, M., ... & Irfan, M. (2024). Ethno-Dentistry of Medicinal Plants Used in North Waziristan, Pakistan. international dental journal, 74(2), 310-320.‌##Adwan Gh, Salameh Y, Adwan K, Barakat A. Assessment of antifungal activity of herbal and conventional toothpastes against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Asian Pac Trop Biomed 2012; 2(5): 375-379.##Chandrahas B, Jayakumar A, Naveen A, Butchibabu K, Reddy P, Muralikrishna T. A randomized, double-blind clinical study to assess the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of Aloe vera mouth rinse. J Indian Soc Periodontal 2012; 16(4): 543-548.##Pradeep AR, Happy D, Garg G. Short-term clinical effects of commercially available gel containing Acacia arabica: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Aust Dent J 2010; 55(1): 65-69.##Balbaa, M. T., Taher, H. M., Hamza, N. K., & Balbool, B. A. (2024). Effect of Rosemary Endophytic Fungal Extract on Microhardness of Enamel and Its Inhibitory Effect on Glucosyltransferase Enzyme of Streptococcus mutans-An In Vitro Study. Egyptian Dental Journal, 70(1), 871-887.‌##Mayangsari, N., Chasanah, N., Nurmalasari, A., Usviany, V., Alfah, S., & Mainassy, M. C. (2024). The Effect Of Black Tea Consumption On Teeth Coloring In The Community. International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS), 2(2), 538-546.‌##Velmurugan A, Madhana Madhubala M, Bhavani S, Subbaian Satheesh Kumar. An in- vivo comparative evaluation of two herbal extracts Emblica offcinalis and Terminalia Chebula with chlorhexidine as an anticaries agent: A preliminary study. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16(6): 546-549.##KHazaeli P, Foroumadi A-R, Moshafi M-H, Ehshami M.Toothpaste formulation from Miswak powder extract. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2003; 10(1): 46-52.##Mali A, Behal R, Gilda S. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontal 2012; 16(3): 386-391.##Somu AC, Ravindra S, Ajith S, Ahamed M G. Effcacy of a herbal extract gel in the treatment of gingivitis: A clinical study. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2012; 3(2): 85-90.##Essam, M. (2024). Natural Dental Bleaching Agents. Natural Conservative Dentistry: An Alternative Approach to Solve Restorative Problems, 169.‌##Saxena S, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Laboratorial evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of herbal dentifrices commercialized in India. Arch Oral Res 2011; 7(1): 51-60.##Mozaffari B, Mansouri Sh, Rajabalian S, Alimardani A, Mohamadi M. In vitro study between anti-bacterial and cytotoxic effects of Chlorhexidine and Persica mouthrinses. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 2005; 23(3): 494-509.##Zhang, Y., Kan, J., Liu, X., Song, F., Zhu, K., Li, N., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Chemical Components, Nutritional Value, Volatile Organic Compounds and Biological Activities In Vitro of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water with Different Maturities. Foods, 13(6), 863.‌##Khaldoune, K., Fdil, N., & Ali, M. A. (2024). Exploring Aloe vera: A comprehensive review on extraction, chemical composition, biological effects, and its utilization in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 57, 103052.‌##Liñán-Atero, R., Aghababaei, F., García, S. R., Hasiri, Z., Ziogkas, D., Moreno, A., & Hadidi, M. (2024). Clove Essential Oil: Chemical Profile, Biological Activities, Encapsulation Strategies, and Food Applications. Antioxidants, 13(4), 488.‌##Gowda, M. S., Arpitha, K., Gamyashree, K., Prabhu, K. N., Kumar, A. N., Srinivas, K. S., & Hiremath, C. (2024). Chemical and molecular diversity of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus L.) clones. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 71(5), 2003-2018.‌##Mezher, Z. Y., & Almehanya, F. H. (2024). Effect of potassium nitrate and black tea leaf waste on the chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet, 56(3), 1316-1323.‌##Hasan, M. K., Alam, A., Islam, M. R., Akhtaruzzaman, M., & Biswas, M. (2024). Evaluating the Potential of 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatments on Physicochemical Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Shelf Life of Mango Fruits under Different Storage Conditions. Heliyon.‌##Tiwari, M., & Barooah, M. S. (2024). A comprehensive review on the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological properties of Terminalia chebula fruit. Phytochemistry Reviews, 23(1), 125-145.‌##Sağır, S. S., Sapancı, B., Uysal, I., & Sevindik, M. (2024). A review: nutrition and oral-dental health, phytochemical content, biological activity of Salvadora persica (Miswak). Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(2), 18-25.‌##Wu, H., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Gao, B., Li, Y., He, X., ... & Yu, L. (2024). Chemical Composition of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activities and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities. Foods, 13(10), 1550.‌##Nateghi, L., & Kavian, F. (2024). Investigation of effect of different concentration methods on physicochemical properties, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins of barberry juice. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, (Articles in Press).‌##Ermoshin, A. A., Kiseleva, I. S., Galishev, B. A., & Ulitko, M. V. (2024). Phenolic Compounds and Biological Activity of Extracts of Calli and Native Licorice Plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 71(1), 20.‌##Mojo, T., Sutrisno, S., & Marfuah, S. (2024). Chemical Content and Pharmacology of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel: A Review. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 481, p. 06002). EDP Sciences.‌##Khadivi, A., Rezagholi, M., & Shams, M. (2024). Phytochemical properties and bioactive compounds of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 1-14.‌##Situmorang, P. C., Ilyas, S., Nugraha, S. E., Syahputra, R. A., & Nik Abd Rahman, N. M. A. (2024). Prospects of compounds of herbal plants as anticancer agents: a comprehensive review from molecular pathways. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1387866.‌## ##

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Artemisia absinthium Linn: A Multipurpose Medicinal Plant 2 2 Plants are nature's gift to humanity to acquire a healthy and prosperous life and used not only to treat several diseases but also as nutraceuticals to improve or modulate biological activities. About 500 species of Artemisia have been found in nature. Among them, Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium) or wormwood is the most popular herb in the temperate zone of Northern Africa, Eurasia. It is widely distributed in the Northern United States and Canada and descriptions are found in almost all medicinal books of the Western World. It is grown as a decorative plant and is used in various alcoholic beverages as well as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe. The information regardingA. absinthiumethno pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and its various medicinal uses wereexplored using different search engines in PubMed, Google Scholar, Research gate and Web of science. Different terms included "worm wood", "Artemisia absinthium", "and pharmacological", "therapeutic/medicinal uses" were used to find the scientific literatures. Studies have shown that A. absinthium possesses anti-bacterial, anti-depressant, anthelmintic, anti-malarial, antioxidant, antiprotozoal, antipyretic, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activities. These activities are attributed to various active metabolites present in A. absinthium, whereas for further research, these results are useful and valuable. Adverse properties of A. absinthium required severe efforts to identify, isolates, and validates the chemical constituents for their therapeutic potentials, which gives direction to develop a novel medicine for various diseases.           76 87 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/62024/03/242023/11/282023/12/32024/08/152024/05/32022/12/25 1401/10/4 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/82024/04/282024/01/182024/01/182024/06/42024/07/282022/12/1 1401/9/10 Muhammad Akram Muhammad Akram 1Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan Pakistan makram_0451@hotmail.com Rida Zainab Rida Zainab 1Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan Pakistan makram_0451@hotmail.com Muhammad Daniyal Muhammad Daniyal 2Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi-Pakistan Pakistan makram_0451@hotmail.com Shafqat Rasul Shafqat Rasul 1Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan Pakistan makram_0451@hotmail.com Naveed Munir Naveed Munir 3Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan Pakistan makram_0451@hotmail.com Artemisia absinthium nutraceuticals medicinal uses chemical constituents pharmacological activity Maw M, Thomas A, Stahevitch A. THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 66. A. absinthium L. Canadian journal of plant science. 1985;65(2):389-400.##Goud BJ, Swamy B. A review on history, controversy, traditional use, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of A. absinthium Linn. Int J Adv Res Eng Appl sci. 2015;4(5):77-107.##Pakandl M. Coccidia of rabbit: a review. Folia Parasitologica. 2013;56(3):153-66.##Rashwan A, Marai I. Mortality in young rabbits: A review. World Rabbit Science. 2010;8(3):111-24.##Li M-H, Ooi H-K. Effect of chromium compounds on sporulation of Eimeria piriformis oocysts. Experimental animals. 2008;57(1):79-83.##Kostadinović LM, Čabarkapa IS, Lević JD, Kormanjoš ŠM, Teodosin SJ, Sredanović SA. Effect of A. absinthium essential oil on antioxidative systems of broiler's liver. Food and Feed Research. 2014;41(1):11-7.##Steiner T. Phytogenics in animal nutrition: natural concepts to optimize gut health and performance: Nottingham University Press; 2010.##Rojhan M. Medicine and herbal treatment. Tehran Alavi Press; 2000.##Habibi H, Firouzi S, Nili H, Razavi M, Asadi SL, Daneshi S. Anticoccidial effects of herbal extracts on Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens: in vitro and in vivo study. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2016;40(2):401-7.##Langhout P. New additives for broiler chickens. World poultry. 2000;16(3):22-7.##Puvača N, Kostadinović L, Ljubojević D, Lukač D, Lević J, Popović S, et al. Effect of garlic, black pepper and hot red pepper on productive performances and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. European Poultry Science. 2015;79:1-13.##Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organization Journal. 2012;5(1):9.##13. Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in plant science. 2002;7(9):405-10.##Hayes JD, McLELLAN LI. Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress. Free radical research. 1999;31(4):273-300.##Kostadinovic L, Levic J, Popovic S, Cabarkapa I, Puvaca N, Duragic O, et al. Dietary inclusion of A. absinthium for management of growth performance, antioxidative status and quality of chicken meat. European Poultry Science. 2015;79.##Bora KS, Sharma A. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of A. absinthium Linn. and Artemisia asiatica Nakai: a review. J Pharm Res. 2010;3(2):325-8.##Juteau F, Jerkovic I, Masotti V, Milos M, Mastelic J, Bessiere J-M, et al. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of A. absinthium from Croatia and France. Planta medica. 2003;69(02):158-61.##Chiasson H, Bélanger A, Bostanian N, Vincent C, Poliquin A. Acaricidal properties of A. absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) essential oils obtained by three methods of extraction. Journal of economic entomology. 2001;94(1):167-71.##Tariq K, Chishti M, Ahmad F, Shawl A. Anthelmintic activity of extracts of A. absinthium against ovine nematodes. Veterinary parasitology. 2009;160(1-2):83-8.##Irshad S, Butt M, Younus H. In-vitro anti-bacterial activity of two medicinal plants neem (Azadirachta indica) and peppermint. Int Res J Pharma. 2011;1(01):9-14.##Canadanovic‐Brunet JM, Djilas SM, Cetkovic GS, Tumbas VT. Free‐radical scavenging activity of wormwood (A. absinthium L) extracts. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2005;85(2):265-72.##Ertürk Ö, Uslu U. Antifeedant, growth and toxic effects of some plant extracts on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say.)(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Fresen Environ Bull. 2007;16(6):602-8.##Jiratanan T, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of processed table beets (Beta vulgaris var, conditiva) and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2004;52(9):2659-70.##Açıkgöz SK, Açıkgöz E. Gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to interaction of A. absinthium with warfarin. Drug metabolism and drug interactions. 2013;28(3):187-9.##Badredine H. A. absinthium: burning plant! The Pan African Medical Journal. 2016;23.##Lachenmeier DW. Wormwood (A. absinthium L.)—A curious plant with both neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties? Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010;131(1):224-7.##Krebs S, Omer B, Omer TN, Fliser D. Wormwood (A. absinthium) for poorly responsive early-stage IgA nephropathy: a pilot uncontrolled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2010;56(6):1095-9.##Taraghdari SB, Nematy M, Mazidi M, Kamgar M, Soukhtanloo M, Hosseini M, et al. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of A. absinthium on appetite in male rats. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 2015;5(2):78.##Shafi G, Hasan TN, Syed NA, Al-Hazzani AA, Alshatwi AA, Jyothi A, et al. A. absinthium (AA): a novel potential complementary and alternative medicine for breast cancer. Molecular biology reports. 2012;39(7):7373-9.##Krebs S, Omer TN, Omer B. Wormwood (A. absinthium) suppresses tumour necrosis factor alpha and accelerates healing in patients with Crohn’s disease–a controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(5):305-9.##Akhmedov I, Kasymov SZ, Sidyakin G. Artabin—A new lactone from A. absinthium. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 1970;6(5):634-.##Perez-Souto N, Lynch RJ, Measures G, Hann JT. Use of high-performance liquid chromatographic peak deconvolution and peak labelling to identify antiparasitic components in plant extracts. Journal of Chromatography A. 1992;593(1-2):209-15.##Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and chemical toxicology. 2008;46(2):446-75.##Riahi L, Ghazghazi H, Ayari B, Aouadhi C, Klay I, Chograni H, et al. Effect of environmental conditions on chemical polymorphism and biological activities among A. absinthium L. essential oil provenances grown in Tunisia. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015;66:96-102.##Knöss W, Chinou I. Regulation of medicinal plants for public health–European community monographs on herbal substances. Planta medica. 2012;78(12):1311-6.##Tucker AO, Maciarello MJ, Sturtz G. The essential oils of Artemisia ‘Powis Castle’and its putative parents, A. absinthium and A. arborescens. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1993;5(3):239-42.##Chialva F, Liddle PA, Doglia G. Chemotaxonomy of wormwood (Artemisia absinthum L.). Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung. 1983;176(5):363-6.##Goraev M, Bazalitskaya U, Lishtvanova L. The terpene portion of the essential oil of A. absinthium. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. 1962;35:2799-802.##Morteza-Semnani K, Akbarzadeh M. Essential oils composition of Iranian A. absinthium L. and Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2005;17(3):321-2.##Sharopov FS, Sulaimonova VA, Setzer WN. Composition of the Essential oil of A. absinthium from Tajikistan. Records of Natural Products. 2012;6(2).##Wright CW. Artemisia: CRC Press; 2001.##Šarić-Kundalić B, Dobeš C, Klatte-Asselmeyer V, Saukel J. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal use of wild and cultivated plants in middle, south and west Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010;131(1):33-55.##Amat N, Upur H, Blažeković B. In vivo hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of A. absinthium L. against chemically and immunologically induced liver injuries in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010;131(2):478-84.##Pieroni A, Giusti ME. Alpine ethnobotany in Italy: traditional knowledge of gastronomic and medicinal plants among the Occitans of the upper Varaita valley, Piedmont. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. 2009;5(1):32.##Pieroni A, Giusti ME, Münz H, Lenzarini C, Turković G, Turković A. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the Istro-Romanians of Žejane in Croatia. Fitoterapia. 2003;74(7-8):710-9.##Rodríguez-Pérez M, Martínez J, Rivero L, Álvarez H, Valdez A, Rodríguez D, et al. Evaluación de la actividad antimalárica de algunas plantas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional cubana. Revista de Ciencias Farmaceúticas Básica e Aplicada. 2009;27(3):197-205.##Ebrahimzadeh M, Nabavi S, Nabavi S, Pourmorad F. Nitric oxide radical scavenging potential of some Elburz medicinal plants. African journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9(32):5212-7.##Guarrera PM. Traditional phytotherapy in Central Italy (Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium). Fitoterapia. 2005;76(1):1-25.##Manganelli REU, Chericoni S, Baragatti B. Ethnopharmacobotany in Tuscany: plants used as antihypertensives. Fitoterapia. 2000;71:S95-S100.##Qureshi R, Ghufran M, Sultana K, Ashraf M, Khan A. Ethnomedicinal studies of medicinal plants of Gilgit District and surrounding areas. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 2007;5:115-22.##Leporatti ML, Ghedira K. Comparative analysis of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Italy and Tunisia. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. 2009;5(1):31.##Kültür Ş. Medicinal plants used in Kırklareli province (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;111(2):341-64.##Karaman S, Kocabas YZ. Traditional medicinal plants of K. Maras (Turkey). The Sciences. 2001;1(3):125-8.##Nikhat S, Ahmad S, Akhtar J, Jamil S. Phytochemical and ethnopharmacological perspective of Afsantin (A. absinthium Linn.). Ann Phytomed. 2013;2(2):105-9.##Wegiera M, Smolarz HD, Jedruch M, Korczak M, Koproń K. Cytotoxic effect of some medicinal plants from Asteraceae family on J-45.01 leukemic cell line--pilot study. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica. 2012;69(2):263-8.##Kim S, Adesogan A, Shin J. Effects of dietary addition of wormwood (Artemisia montana Pampan) silage on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle fatty acid profiles of beef cattle. Animal feed science and technology. 2012;177(1-2):15-22.##Fiamegos YC, Kastritis PL, Exarchou V, Han H, Bonvin AM, Vervoort J, et al. Antimicrobial and efflux pump inhibitory activity of caffeoylquinic acids from A. absinthium against gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18127.##Bora KS, Sharma A. Neuroprotective effect of A. absinthium L. on focal ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010;129(3):403-9.##Poiată A, Tuchiluş C, Ivănescu B, Ionescu A, Lazăr M. Antibacterial activity of some Artemisia species extract. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi. 2009;113(3):911-4.##de Freitas MV, Rita de Cássia MN, da Costa Huss JC, de Souza TMT, Costa JO, Firmino CB, et al. Influence of aqueous crude extracts of medicinal plants on the osmotic stability of human erythrocytes. Toxicology in Vitro. 2008;22(1):219-24.##Mihajilov-Krstev T, Jovanović B, Jović J, Ilić B, Miladinović D, Matejić J, et al. Antimicrobial, antioxidative, and insect repellent effects of A. absinthium essential oil. Planta medica. 2014;80(18):1698-705.##Lachenmeier DW, Nathan-Maister D, Breaux TA, Sohnius E-M, Schoeberl K, Kuballa T. Chemical composition of vintage preban absinthe with special reference to thujone, fenchone, pinocamphone, methanol, copper, and antimony concentrations. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2008;56(9):3073-81.##Singh O, Tiwari S, Ojha D. Pilyriasis versicolor vis-avis sidhma and its ayurvedic management. Sadvitra Ayurveda. 1994;46(12):920.##Wake G, Court J, Pickering A, Lewis R, Wilkins R, Perry E. CNS acetylcholine receptor activity in European medicinal plants traditionally used to improve failing memory. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;69(2):105-14.##Li Y, Ohizumi Y. Search for constituents with neurotrophic factor-potentiating activity from the medicinal plants of Paraguay and Thailand. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004;124(7):417-24.##Adams JD, Garcia C. Women's health among the Chumash. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2006;3(1):125-31.##Zeng K-W, Liao L-X, Song X-M, Lv H-N, Song F-J, Yu Q, et al. Caruifolin D from A. absinthium L. inhibits neuroinflammation via reactive oxygen species-dependent c-jun N-terminal kinase and protein kinase c/NF-κB signaling pathways. European journal of pharmacology. 2015;767:82-93.##Hallal N, Kharoubi O. Evaluation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation after mercuric-chloride and A. absinthium L. administration. Toxicology Letters. 2016(258):S246.##Shafi N, Khan GA, Ghauri EG. Anti-ulcer effect of A. absinthium L. in rats. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2004;47(2):130-4.##de Melo GN. Archive for décembre 2012. Clinical Study. 2012.##Ramazani A, Sardari S, Zakeri S, Vaziri B. In vitro antiplasmodial and phytochemical study of five Artemisia species from Iran and in vivo activity of two species. Parasitology research. 2010;107(3):593-9.##LEE HG, KIM H, OH WK, YU KA, CHOE YK, AHN JS, et al. Tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone p7F downregulates inflammatory mediators via the inhibition of nuclear factor κB. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004;1030(1):555-68.##Anwar M, Hakim M, Siddiqui M. Clinical efficacy of A. absinthium Linn. viral Hepatitis with specific reference to ejection fraction of Heart Hamdard Medicus. 1998;41(3):93-5.##Hoffmann D. Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine: Simon and Schuster; 2003.##Na Y, Hyeung R, Hae Y, Jae S. Antihyperlipidemic effect of an edible brown algae, Eclonia stolonifera, and its constituents on poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic and cholesterol-fed rats. Archies of pharmacal research. 2008;31(12):1564-71.##Daradka H, Badawneh M, Al-Jamal J, Bataineh Y. Hypolipidemic efficacy of A. absinthium extracts in rabbits. World Appl Sci J. 2014;31(8):1415-21.##Brattsand R. Actions of vitamins A and E and some nicotinic acid derivatives on plasma lipids and on lipid infiltration of aorta in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1975;22(1):47-61.##Sherlock S. Overview of chronic cholestatic conditions in adults: terminology and definitions. Clinics in liver disease. 1998;2(2):217-33.##Craciunescu O, Constantin D, Gaspar A, Toma L, Utoiu E, Moldovan L. Evaluation of antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Arnica montana L. and A. absinthium L. ethanolic extracts. Chemistry Central Journal. 2012;6(1):97.##Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: a general introduction. Nutrition reviews. 1997;55(1):S44-S9.##Cieśla Ł, Kowalska I, Oleszek W, Stochmal A. Free radical scavenging activities of polyphenolic compounds isolated from Medicago sativa and Medicago truncatula assessed by means of thin‐layer chromatography DPPH rapid test. Phytochemical Analysis. 2013;24(1):47-52.##Dugas Jr AJ, Castañeda-Acosta J, Bonin GC, Price KL, Fischer NH, Winston GW. Evaluation of the total peroxyl radical-scavenging capacity of flavonoids: structure− activity relationships. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63(3):327-31.##Ali M, Abbasi BH. Production of commercially important secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in cell suspension cultures of A. absinthium L. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;49:400-6.##Mahmoudi M, Ebrahimzadeh M, Ansaroudi F, Nabavi S, Nabavi S. Antidepressant and antioxidant activities of A. absinthium L. at flowering stage. African journal of Biotechnology. 2009;8(24).##Kharoubi O, Slimani M, Krouf D, Seddick L, Aoues A. Role of wormwood (A. absinthium) extract on oxidative stress in ameliorating lead induced haematotoxicity. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2008;5(3):263-70.##Mohammadian A, Moradkhani S, Ataei S, Shayesteh TH, Sedaghat M, Kheiripour N, et al. Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of A. absinthium L. in rat. J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2016;5(1):29-32.##Daradka HM, Abas MM, Mohammad MA, Jaffar MM. Anti-diabetic effect of A. absinthium extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2014;23(6):1733-42.##Yi W, Fischer J, Krewer G, Akoh CC. Phenolic compounds from blueberries can inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2005;53(18):7320-9.##Azadmehr A, Hajiaghaee R, Zohal MA, Maliji G. Protective effects of Scrophularia striata in Ovalbumin-induced mice asthma model. DARU journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;21(1):56.##Shahnazi M, Azadmehr A, Hajiaghaee R, Mosalla S, Latifi R. Effects of A. absinthiumL. Extract on the Maturation and Function of Dendritic Cells. 2015.##Zeraati F, Esna-Ashari F, Araghchian M, Emam AH, Rad MV, Seif S, et al. Evaluation of topical antinociceptive effect of A. absinthium extract in mice and possible mechanisms. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2014;8(19):492-6.##Pelkonen O, Abass K, Wiesner J. Thujone and thujone-containing herbal medicinal and botanical products: Toxicological assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and pharmacology. 2013;65(1):100-7.##Gilani A-UH, Janbaz KH. Preventive and curative effects of A. absinthium on acetaminophen and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. 1995;26(2):309-15.##Ajith T, Janardhanan K. Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic activities of Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002;81(3):387-91.## ##

A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective on Wound Healing in the Western Part of Iran Based on Ethnobotanical Documents 2 2 Objective: The skin is a barrier between the human body and the external environment and protects the body against external chemical and physical factors. Despite major advances in wound treatment, wound healing remains one of the most important challenges ahead. Some medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are effective in healing and repairing wounds. The present study is a review of medicinal plants that are used in the ethnobotanical knowledge of western Iran for wound healing in skin wounds. Methodology: In this study, the keywords of medicinal plants, wound healing, skin wound, West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan and ethnobotany were used to search for articles. The investigated databases were Google Scholar, SID, Megaran, PubMed, Scopus. Related ethnobotanical articles were used to review the texts. Results: Based on the obtained results, it was determined that medicinal plants such as Sisymbrium sophia L, Fumaria officinalis L., Plantago major L., Alcea spp., Urtica spp., Astragalus gossypinus Fischer., Fumaria officinalis, Iperata cylindrica (L.), Polygonum aviculare L., Sanguisorba minor Scop., Alcea angulata, Aristolochia olivieri, Calendula persica, Citrullus colocynthis, Fumaria parviflora, Nerium oleander, Scrophularia striata, Allium schoenoprasum, Ixiolirion tataricum, Thymus Kotchyanous, Adonis aestivalis, Cardaria draba, Althaea officinalis, Beta vulgaris , Carthamus tinetorius L., Chrysanthemum coronarium, Helianthus annus L., Matricaria recutita L. and Vicia sativa are medicinal plants that heal wounds in these areas. Conclusion: Medicinal plants and plant derivatives due to the presence of antioxidant compounds and secondary medicinal compounds such as tannins, anthocyanins, flavon, flavonoids, phenols and also less side effects than chemical drugs and species diversity in the treatment of skin wounds and Reports of their traditional effects in the treatment of wounds present them as an inexpensive and effective choice for wound healing. The need for more pharmacological and clinical studies to produce wound healing drugs seems necessary and necessary. 88 92 2024/02/172023/11/272024/02/172024/04/62024/03/242023/11/282023/12/32024/08/152024/05/32022/12/252024/08/3 1403/5/13 2024/02/202024/02/122024/02/202024/04/82024/04/282024/01/182024/01/182024/06/42024/07/282022/12/12024/06/4 1403/3/15 Ali Ranjbari Ali Ranjbari Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran aliranjbari58@gmail.com MohamadReza Nazer MohamadReza Nazer epartment of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran nazer@med.mui.ac.ir Skin Wound healing Medicinal plants Treatment Iran Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ. Wound healing: cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes. Open Biol. 2020 Sep 30;10(9):200223. doi:10.1098/rsob.200223.##Peña OA, Martin P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2024 Mar 25;1-8. doi:10.1038/s41573-024-00465-8.##Dong R, Guo B. Smart wound dressings for wound healing. Nano Today. 2021 Dec 1;41:101290. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101290.##Yazarlu O, Iranshahi M, Kashani HR, Reshadat S, Habtemariam S, Iranshahy M, Hasanpour M. Perspective on the application of medicinal plants and natural products in wound healing: A mechanistic review. Pharmacol Res. 2021 Dec;174:105841. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105841.##Sharma A, Khanna S, Kaur G, Singh I. Medicinal plants and their components for wound healing applications. Fut J Pharm Sci. 2021 Dec;7(1):1-3. doi:10.1016/j.fjps.2021.100091.##Vitale S, Colanero S, Placidi M, Di Emidio G, Tatone C, Amicarelli F, D’Alessandro AM. Phytochemistry and biological activity of medicinal plants in wound healing: an overview of current research. Molecules. 2022 Jun 1;27(11):3566. doi:10.3390/molecules27113566.##Albahri G, Badran A, Hijazi A, Daou A, Baydoun E, Nasser M, Merah O. The therapeutic wound healing bioactivities of various medicinal plants. Life. 2023 Jan 23;13(2):317. doi:10.3390/life13020317.##Porras G, Chassagne F, Lyles JT, Marquez L, Dettweiler M, Salam AM, Samarakoon T, Shabih S, Farrokhi DR, Quave CL. Ethnobotany and the role of plant natural products in antibiotic drug discovery. Chem Rev. 2020 Nov 9;121(6):3495-560. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00416.##Moameri M, Abbasi Khalaki M, Dadjou F. Ethnobotany of Darwishchai-Sarein Watershed Plants with Medicinal and Food Approaches. 2020; 14 (4) :698-714.##Karimi, H., Taghi Maramzadeh, A., and Taghi Maramzadeh, A., 2020. A study on the diversity of medicinal plants in the Silvaneh region of Urmia in West Azerbaijan. The First National Conference on Challenges in Completing the Value Chain of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Urmia. Available at: [https://civilica.com/doc/1240344](https://civilica.com/doc/1240344).##Faraji, M., Dehdari, S., Shojaei, F., Kazemi, R., & Cheraghian, A. (2021). Collection and ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Hayatabad Majidi village, Behbahan County. 5th International Congress on the Development of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Tourism in Iran, Tabriz. Retrieved from https://civilica.com/doc/1276160##Ghasemi PA, Momeni M, Bahmani M. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Kurd tribe in Dehloran and Abdanan districts, Ilam province, Iran. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2013 Jan 18;10(2):368-85.##Moameri M, Abbasi Khalaki M, Dadjou F. Ethnobotany of Darwishchai-Sarein Watershed Plants with Medicinal and Food Approaches. 2020; 14 (4) :698-714##Derakhshan N, Khatamsaz M, Zolfaghari B. Ethnobotanical uses of plants in the Saghez (Kurdistan, Iran). jiitm 2017; 7 (4) :507-516##Karimi, H., Taghi Maramzadeh, A., & Taghi Maramzadeh, A. (2020). Study of the diversity of medicinal plants in the Silvana region of Urmia, West Azerbaijan. 1st National Conference on Challenges in Completing the Value Chain of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Urmia. Retrieved from https://civilica.com/doc/1240344##Khodayari, H., Amani, S., & Amiri, H. (2014). Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in northeastern Khuzestan Province. Retrieved from https://civilica.com/doc/1405826##Maleki-khezerlu S, Ansari-Ardali S, Maleki-khezerlu M. Ethno-Botanic Study and Traditional Use of Medicinal Plant of Ajabshir City. jiitm 2017; 7 (4) :499-506##Xu Z, Dong M, Yin S, Dong J, Zhang M, Tian R, Min W, Zeng L, Qiao H, Chen J. Why traditional herbal medicine promotes wound healing: Research from immune response, wound microbiome to controlled delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023 Apr 1;195:114764. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114764.##Shanmugam S, Rajagopal V, Balamurugan S, Muthupandi CP, Eswaran VM, Raveendraretnam K, Rajendran K. Ethnobotanical indices on wound healing medicinal plants in the Arjuna river of Virudhunagar district in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Asian J Ethnobiol. 2021 Mar 13;4(1). doi:10.46242/aje.2021.4.1.126.##Sharma A, Khanna S, Kaur G, Singh I. Medicinal plants and their components for wound healing applications. Fut J Pharm Sci. 2021 Dec;7(1):1-3. doi:10.1016/j.fjps.2021.100091. (Note: This entry is a duplicate of entry 5.)##Nigussie D, Makonnen E, Tufa TB, Brewster M, Legesse BA, Fekadu A, Davey G. Systematic review of Ethiopian medicinal plants used for their anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Aug 10;276:114179. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114179.##Nazir Y, Linsaenkart P, Khantham C, Chaitep T, Jantrawut P, Chittasupho C, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Phimolsiripol Y, Sommano SR, Tocharus J. High efficiency in vitro wound healing of Dictyophora indusiata extracts via anti-inflammatory and collagen stimulating (MMP-2 inhibition) mechanisms. J Fungi. 2021 Dec 20;7(12):1100. doi:10.3390/jof7121100.##Akbari B, Baghaei-Yazdi N, Bahmaie M, Mahdavi Abhari F. The role of plant-derived natural antioxidants in reduction of oxidative stress. BioFactors. 2022 May;48(3):611-33. doi:10.1002/biof.1853.## ##