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Constipation: An ethno-botanical study of medicinal plants used for constipation in Shahrekord city, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province, Iran 2 2 Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem in society, both in children and in adults, which imposes stupendous costs on society. For centuries, people have used medicinal plants, herbal teas, and teas to relieve digestive problems, including to stimulate the digestive system and reduce constipation. Therefore, in this study we sought to investigate the indigenous and ethnobotanical knowledge regarding constipation in children and infants in Shahrekord. The present ethnobotanical study was carried out through a questionnaire in Shahrekord. This study was conducted from April 2017 to February 2018 through face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire among 29 traditional therapists. The results of this study showed that medicinal plants such as Descurainia sophia (L.) Prantle., Rumex pulcher L., Alyssum spp.Stead. Ex Boiss., Prunus amygdalus L., Astragalus adscendens Bioss. & Hausskn, Echinops persicus Stev. & Fisch., Plantago major L., Rheum ribes L., Stachys lavandulifolia, Plantago major, Alcea spp., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Peganum harmala L., Pistachia atlanta Desf. and Prangos ferulacea L. are traditionally used to treat constipation in children and infants   1 7 2020/02/12 1398/11/23 2020/06/16 1399/3/27 Nima Karami Nima Karami Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran ایران karami.nim@ymail.com Mohammad Karimi Mohammad Karimi Infectious Disease Specialist, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran ایران saberabaszade1370@gmail.com Mahmoud Bahmani Mahmoud Bahmani Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences,Ilam, Iran ایران mahmood.bahmani@gmail.com Gastrointestinal diseases Constipation Iran Rubin G. Constipation in children. Clin Evid 2003; 10: 369-374.##Loening-Baucke V. Chronic constipation in children. Gastroenterology. 1993; 105(5): 1557-64.##Benninga MA, Voskuijl WP, Taminiau JA. Childhood constipation: is there new light in the tunnel? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004; 39 (5): 448-64.##Agnarsson U, Warde C, McCarthy G, Evans N. Perianal appearances associated with constipation. Arch Dis Child. 1990; 65(11):1231-4.##Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton B, (eds). Nelson textbook of Pediatric. 18th. ed. USA: Saunders; 2007. pp: 1564-8.##Benninga M, Candy DC, Catto-Smith AG, Clayden G, Loening-Baucke V, Di Lorenzo C, et al. The Paris Consensus on Childhood Constipation Terminology (PACCT) Group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005; 40(3): 273-5.##Loening-Baucke V. Prevalence, symptoms and outcome of constipation in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr. 2005; 146(3): 359-63.##Ip KS, Lee WT, Chan JS, Young BW. A community-based study of the prevalence of constipation in young children and the role of dietary fibre. Hong Kong Med J. 2005; 11(6): 431-6.##Miele E, Simeone D, Marino A, Greco L, Auricchio R, Novek SJ, et al. Functional gastrointestinal disorders in children: an Italian prospective survey. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(1):73-8##Khanna V, Poddar U, Yachha SK. Etiology and clinical spectrum of constipation in Indian children. Indian Pediatr. 2010 Dec; 47(12):1025-30.##Farnam A, Rafeey M, Farhang S, Khodjastejafari S. Functional constipation in children: does maternal personality matter? Ital J Pediatr. 2009 Aug;35(1):25.##Drossman DA, Dumitrascu DL. Rome III: New standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2006 Sep;15(3):237-41.##Vandenplas Y. Gastroesophageal reflux. In: Hyams WR, editor. Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006. p. 306-25.##Carroccio A, Iacono G. Review article: Chronic constipation and food hypersensitivity--an intriguing relationship. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;24(9):1295-304.##Afzal NA, Tighe MP, Thomson MA. Constipation in children. Ital J Pediatr. 2011; 37: 28.##Pashankar DS. Childhood Constipation: Evaluation and Management. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2005; 18: 120–7.##Bahmani, M., Mozaffari Nejad, A. S., Shah, N. A., Shah, S. A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., & Mahmoodnia, L. (2017). Survey on ethnobotanical uses of anti-cancer herbs in Southern region of Ilam, West Iran. Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino Della Società Italiana Di Biologia Sperimentale, 90(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/jbr.2017.5939##Phytotherapy in Streptococcus agalactiae: An overview of the medicinal plants effective against Streptococcus agalactiae. Delfani, S., Bahmani, M., Mohammadrezaei-Khorramabadi, R., Rafieian-Kopaei, M. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Jun; 11(6): DE01–DE02.##Rafieian-kopaei, M., Shakiba, A., Sedighi, M., Bahmani, M. The Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Linum usitatissimum in Balb/c Mice . J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017; 22(4):892-896.##Asadi N, Husseini SD, Tohidian MT, Abdali N, Mimandipoure A, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Bahmani M. Performance of Broilers Supplemented With Peppermint ( Mentha piperita L.) Powder. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017; 22(4):703-706.##Alizadeh M, Safarzadeh A, Bahmani M, Beyranvand F, Mohammadi M, Azarbaijani K, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Abbaszadeh S. Brucellosis: Pathophysiology and new promising treatments with medicinal plants and natural antioxidants. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2018;11:597-608.##Nazarian-Samani Z, Sewell RD, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal plants with multiple effects on diabetes mellitus and its complications: A Systematic review. Current diabetes reports. 2018 Oct 1;18(10):72.##Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Heidarian E, Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Deris F, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal Plants with Multiple Effects on Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2017;23(7):999-1015.##Hosseini Z, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Shirmardi HA, Solati K. A review of botany and pharmacological effect and chemical composition of Echinophora species growing in Iran. Pharmacognosy Research. 2017;9(4):305.##Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Identification of medicinal plants of Urmia for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Revista Brasileira De Farmacognosia-Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2014;24(4):468-80.##Rahimi-Madiseh M, Lorigoini Z, Zamani-Gharaghoshi H, Rafieian-kopaei M. Berberis vulgaris: specifications and traditional uses. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2017;20(5):569-87.##Torki A, Khalaji-Pirbalouty V, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Sadeghimanesh A, Rabiei Z. Anchusa italica extract: phytochemical and neuroprotective evaluation on global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;54(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902018000117251.##Tamri P. A mini-review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Scrophularia striata. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;8(2):85-89. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2019.14.##Mehrandish R, Rahimian A, Shahriary A. Heavy metals detoxification: A review of herbal compounds for chelation therapy in heavy metals toxicity. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;8(2):69-77. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2019.12.##Pirzad Jahromi G, Imani E, Nasehi M, Shahriari A. Effect of Achillea millefolium aqueous extract on memory deficit and anxiety caused by stroke in ovariectomized rats. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;8(2):153-159. doi: 10.15171/ jhp.2019.24.##Ghaderi H, Rafieian M, Nezhad HR. Effect of hydroalcoholic Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract on reserpine-induced depression symptoms in mice. Pharmacophore. 2018;9(2):35-44.##Talei GR, Mohammadi M, Bahmani M, Kopaei MR. Synergistic effect of Carum copticum and Mentha piperita essential oils with ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and gentamicin on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation. 2017;7(2):82-7.##Estuningtyas A, Wahyuni T, Wahidiyat PA, Poerwaningsih EH, Freisleben HJ. Mangiferin and mangiferin-containing leaf extract from Mangifera foetida L for therapeutic attenuation of experimentally induced iron overload in a rat mode. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2018;9(1):21-27. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2019.04.##Jun-Fu Z, Jian-Guo L, Sheng-Li Z, Ji-Yue W. Potential oxidative stress in children with chronic constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 21; 11(3): 368–371. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i3.368.##Karimi A, Mohammadi-Kamalabadi M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Amjad L, Salimzadeh I. Determination of antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and antiviral potential of methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm (Euphorbiaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;15(4):759-64.##Sarrafchi A, Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Oxidative Stress and Parkinson's Disease: New Hopes in Treatment with Herbal Antioxidants. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2016;22(2):238-46.##Bahmani M, Sarrafchi A, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Autism: Pathophysiology and Promising Herbal Remedies. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2016;22(3):277-85.##Shayganni E, Bahmani M, Asgary S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Inflammaging and cardiovascular disease: Management by medicinal plants. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(11):1119-26.##Nouri A, Heidarian E. Nephroprotective effect of silymarin against diclofenac-induced renal damage and oxidative stress in male rats. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;8(2):146-152. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2019.23.##Asgharzade S, Rafieian-kopaei M, Mirzaeian A, Reiisi S, Salimzadeh L. Aloe vera toxic effects: expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in testis of Wistar rat. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2015;18(10):967-73.##Valipour Chahardahcharic S, Setorki M. The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Crataegus monogyna on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and pancreatic tissue damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2018;7(4):294-299. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2018.44.##Kazemi S, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Recent Findings in Molecular Basis of Inflammation and Anti-inflammatory Plants. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2018;24(14):1551-62. doi: 10.2174/1381612824666180403122003.##Saffari-Chaleshtori J, Shafiee SM, Ghatreh-Samani K, Jalilian N. The study of drug resistance properties of ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette G2) in contact with thymoquinone, gallic acid, and hesperetin antioxidants. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;82):108-113. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2019.17.##Jamshidi-Kia F, Lorigooini Z, Amini-Khoei H. Medicinal plants: past history and future perspective. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2018;7(1):1-7. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2018.01##Rabiei Z, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Borago officinalis on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent mice. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 2016;11(4):824-9.##Fathinezhad Z, Sewell RDE, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Depression and treatment with effective herbs. Curr Pharm Des. 2019 Apr 1. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666190402105803. [Epub ahead of print]##Hosseini Z, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Shirmardi HA, Solati K. A review of botany and pharmacological effect and chemical composition of Echinophora species growing in Iran. Pharmacognosy Research. 2017;9(4):305.##Moradi F, Sewell RDE, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Immunosuppression-lipid Metabolism Interplay and Medicinal Plants in Atherosclerosis: A Review. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2018; 24:1-5. DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180829105309## ##

Study of extraction and chemical compounds of Scrophularia striata Boiss. and Scrophularia deserti Delile using HS-SPME and GC-MS 2 2 In this study, from June 2019 to May 2019 aerial parts of Scrophularia striata Boiss. were collected from Ilam city and those of Scrophularia deserti Delile from Dehloran city, Ilam province in western Iran. The aerial parts of the medicinal plants were pulverized. The essential and volatile oils were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and their chemical compounds analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Using HS-SPME, 68 and 49 chemical compounds were identified from S. striata and S. deserti, respectively. Spathulenol (18.41%) was the highest chemical compound of the essential oil of S. striata, followed by caryophyllene oxide (15.38%), linalool (11.85%), alpha-terpineol (8.34%), trans-caryophyllene (4.44%) and geraniol (3.10%). The most important identified compounds from S. deserti were caryophyllene oxide (15.38%), linalool (11.85%), alpha-terpineol (8.34%), trans-caryophyllene (4.44%) and geraniol (3.10%). The most important chemical compounds of S. deserti essential oil included alpha-pinene (25.54%), alpha-phellandrene (19.60%), beta-myrcene (11.29%) and trans-caryophyllene (6.78%). Results show major constituents of this two plant include with a high amount of Spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide has high pharmaceutical and healthful value. 8 13 2020/02/122019/12/9 1398/9/18 2020/06/162020/06/16 1399/3/27 Bahmani Mahmoud Bahmani Mahmoud Biotechnology and Medicnal Plants Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران mahmood.bahmani@gmail.com Marzieh Hadavi Marzieh Hadavi Department of Internal Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ایران hadavi.marzieh@ymail.com Naser Abbasi Naser Abbasi Biotechnology and Medicnal Plants Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران ilamfarma@gmail.com Scrophularia striata Boiss. Scrophularia deserti Delile Essential oil HS-SPME GC-MS Abbasi N, Azizi Jalilian F, Abdi FM, Seifmanesh M. (2006). 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A new ferric iron reducing assay for evaluation total antioxidant activity of food and biological samples 2 2 Various methods have been developed in recent years to evaluate the total antioxidant activity of food and biological samples. In this study, a new ferric iron reducing assay was applied for measuring total antioxidants. This method is based on the oxidation on the reducing the iron III to iron II. The extraction was incubated with Fecl3 and KSCN. Ferric thiocyanate complex is formed in an acid solution. This complex is measured at 474 nm. A lower absorbance indicates increased reducing power. 14 15 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/29 1398/11/9 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/16 1399/3/27 Parisa Sadighara Parisa Sadighara Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food, Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ایران parisasss@yahoo.com Antioxidant activity Food and biological samples Oxidative stress 1. Apak R, Guclu K, Ozyurek M, Celik SE. Mechanism of antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC assay. Microchimica Acta 2008; 160:413-419.##2. Koksal E. Gulcin I. Antioxidant activity of caufiflower. Turkish Journal Agriculture 2008; 32:65-78.##3. Hu ML, Dillard CJ. Ferric reducing antioxidant assay. Meth Enzymol 1994; 292: 15-27.## ##

Prevalence of Ethiological Factors and Bacterial Sensitivity pattern of Urinary Infection in First and Secondary Graduate Students in Khorramabad City, Iran 2 2 Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in childhood that delayed diagnosis and treatment can cause irreversible complications. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection in elementary school children in Khorramabad city, Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 460 female students of elementary and secondary schools of Khorramabad city were recruited after completing a questionnaire including symptoms of infection, medical and disease history, and urine culture. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by disk diffusion method accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) instructions. Statistical analysis were performed by SPSS software. Of 460 students, based on urine culture results 12 (2.6%) had urinary tract infection. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in 5 patients (1.1%) and positive culture and clinical symptoms were reported in 7 cases (1.5%). Escherichia coli (83.3%) was reported as the main cause of UTI among the tested samples. The highest antibiotic susceptibility was related to imipenem (91.6%) and ceftazidime (83.3%). The prevalence of UTI, pathogenic microbial agents and sensitivity to antibiotics in different regions and periods has a significant difference, which can be due to different health levels, constant change in incidence of germs that cause UTI and various antibiotics resistance. Because almost half of the cases of urinary tract infection are asymptomatic, screening for primary school children is necessary. 16 20 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/22 1398/12/3 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/16 1399/3/27 Zohreh Merbiek Sabzevari Zohreh Merbiek Sabzevari Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران zm.sabzevari@yahoo.com Gholamreza Goodarzi Gholamreza Goodarzi Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران Goudarzi.gh@gmail.com Saba Zinatifar Saba Zinatifar Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران zm.sabzevari@yahoo.com Khatereh Anbari Khatereh Anbari Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران zm.sabzevari@yahoo.com Maryam Hassani Maryam Hassani Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran ایران zm.sabzevari@yahoo.com Pegah Shakib Pegah Shakib Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران shakib.pegah@yahoo.com Prevalence Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Disk diffusion method Antibiotic sensitivity Escherichia coli 1. Suman S, Kumari S, Sinha AK, Sengupta B, Banerjee P. Clinico–epidemiology of UTI in under 5 years of age in children. journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences-JEMDS. 2015;4(47):8162-70.##2. Buonsenso D, Cataldi L. Urinary tract infections in children: a review. Minerva pediatrica. 2012;64(2):145-57.##3. Svanborg C. Urinary tract infections in children: microbial virulence versus host susceptibility. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children IX: Springer; 2013. p. 205-10.##4. Haji Amini Z, Maleki A, Zigheimat F, Khamseh F, Mokhtari Noori J, Parandeh A, et al. prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in primary school students in one of the towns around tehran. Iranian journal of epidemiology. 2009;5(4):37-43##5. Williams G, Wei L, Lee A, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3.##6. Yosefi P, Dorreh F. Urinary tract infection due to salmonella in an otherwise healthy child. Iranian journal of kidney diseases. 2014;8(2):155.##7. Onoh R, Umeora O, Egwuatu V, Ezeonu P, Onoh T. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of uropathogens from pregnant women with urinary tract infection in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Infection and drug resistance. 2013;6:225.##8. Jadresić LP. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in children. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2010;20(6):274-8.##9. Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D. Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.##10. Desai DJ, Gilbert B, McBride CA. Paediatric urinary tract infections: Diagnosis and treatment. Australian family physician. 2016;45(8):558.##11. Ejrnæs K. Bacterial characteristics of importance for recurrent urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Dan Med Bull. 2011;58(4):B4187.##12. Jha B, Singh Y. Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in school going children in Pokhara valley. 2007.##13. Tanagho E, McAninch J, editors. 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Thymol and carvacrol; as antibiotic alternative in green healthy poultry production 2 2 Thymol and carvacrol as a natural essential oils and phenol compounds, are a component derived from some medicinal plants, such as thyme and oregano species. These compounds have been shown to possess a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-infalmmatory, modulating of immunity respond and anticarcinogenic properties. One of main effects of these compounds that make them as valuable material in poultry medicine is antibacterial effect. The increasing consumption of organic and healthy meat and eggs in human society has made it increasingly necessary to use compounds that are completely natural and do not cause problems for human health. Since antibiotics are chemical compounds that can remain in meat and eggs and cause antibiotic resistance, allergies, mutations and even poisoning in humans. Therefore, utilization of compounds that are natural antibiotics can be easily fed with a higher safety in healthy poultry production. In this regard, the role of thymol and carvacrol as natural antibiotics in the poultry production has been discussed in a recent review. 22 25 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/1 1399/2/12 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/16 1399/3/27 Majid Gholami-Ahangaran Majid Gholami-Ahangaran Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IRAN ایران mgholami6@gmail.com Asiye Ahmadi-Dastgerdi Asiye Ahmadi-Dastgerdi Department of Food Science and Technology, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, IRAN ایران As.Ahmadi17@gmail.com Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IRAN ایران ma_karimivet58@yahoo.com Antibacterial Carvacrol Thymol Poultry. Dadgarnia M, Gholami-Ahangaran M, Shakerian A. The determination of enrofloxacin residue in quail meat, in Yazd by HPLC. Iran Food Hyg. 2018; 8: 83-90.##Teimuri S, Gholami-Ahangaran M, Shakerian A. The comparison of enrofloxacin residue in chicken and turkey meat, by high performance liquid chromatography in Isfahan province. Iran Food Hyg. 2018; 8: 95-100.##Gholami-Ahangaran M, Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Farasat M, Fasihi K. Antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora, Thymus daenensis, Althea officinalis, and Urtica dioica on growth of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry colibacillosis. Iran J Vet Mic. 2015; 1: 1-10.##Alagawany M, El-Hack MEA, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Dhama K. Biological effects and modes of action of carvacrol in animal and poultry production and health - a review. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2015; 3(2): 73-84.##Dehghani-Ashkezari A, Gholami-Ahangaran M, Fathi-Hafshejani E. The use of garlic extract in reducing the side effects of Eimeria tenella on the growth indices and mucosal tissue of the cecum in broilers. Iran Anim Biol. 2019; 11(2): 45-53.##Du E, Gan L, Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim sci Biotechnol 2015; 6: 58.##Juneja VK, Friedman M. Carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, oregano oil, and thymol inhibit Clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in ground Turkey during chilling. J Food Prot. 2007; 70: 218-222.##Xu J, Zhou F, Ji BP, Pei RS, Xu N. Carvacrol and thymol had desired antimicrobial effect on E. coli. The antibacterial effects were attributed to their ability to permeabilize and depolarize the cytoplasmic membrane. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2008; 47: 174-179.##Moon SH, Waite-Cusic J, Huang E. Control of Salmonella in chicken meat using a combination of a commercial bacteriophage and plant-based essential oils. Food Control. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106984##El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Zorriehzahra J, Adel M. Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review, J Essent Oil Res. 2016; DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002##Bahmani M, Saki K, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal Plants of Thyme land in Iran. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing; 2015.##Guerra-Boone L, Alvarez-Roman R, Salazar-Aranda R, Torres-Cirio A, Rivas-Galindo VM, de Torres VM, Gonzalez G, Perez-Lopez LA. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and chemical characterization of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Origanum majorana from northeastern Mexico. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015; 28: 363–369.##Khazdair MR, Ghorani V, Alavinezhad A, Boskabady MH. Pharmacological effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss L. and its constituents focus on their anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 32(1): 26–50.##Fitsiou E, Anestopoulos I, Chlichlia K, Galanis A, Kourkoutas I, Panayiotidis MI, Pappa A. Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of the essential oils of Satureja thymbra and Satureja parnassica and their major constituents. Anticancer Res. 2016; 36(11): 5757–5763.##Sánchez C, Aznar R, Sánchez G. The effect of carvacrol on enteric viruses. Int J Food Microbiol. 2015; 192: 72–76.##Özkan A, Erdogan A. A comparative evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of essential oil from Origanum onites (Lamiaceae) and its two major phenolic components. Turkish J Biol. 2011; 35(6): 735–742.##Sharifi‐Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, del Mar Contreras M, Salehi B, Soltani‐Nejad A, Rajabi S, Tajbakhsh M, Sharifi‐Rad J. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res. 2018; 32(9): 1675-1687.##Hippenstiel F, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Kehraus S, Sudekum KH. Effects of selected herbs and essential oils, and their active components on feed intake and performance of broilers e a review. Arch Geflügelk. 2011;75: 226-234.##Bassole IH, Juliani HR. 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The role of bacteria in the treatment of cancer: A comprehensive review 2 2 Cancer is an important public health issue worldwide and is the main cause of death in the developed countries and the second cause of death in the developing countries. There are several treatments for cancer such as photodynamic therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Current cancer treatments have various side effects, including the gradual resistance of cancer cells to treatment. The era of targeted cancer therapy has brought about new clinical approaches such as antibodies, small molecules, antiangiogenics, and antivirals. Yet even these strategies remain limited in their ability to accumulate in tumors and tumor penetration, which are the main obstacles in the treatment of cancer. Historic efforts to harness living organisms to fight cancer have recently been revived in the field of synthetic biology. Certain circulating bacteria can intrinsically home in on tumors, and can be engineered to controllably induce local cytotoxicity while remaining unobtrusive to the host system. Due to the ineffectiveness of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy in advanced tumor stages, resistance to treatment and non-specificity of these treatments, with the advancement of studies in this field, it is hoped that bacterial therapy will add a new dimension to cancer treatment. 26 34 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/12019/11/2 1398/8/11 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/16 1399/3/27 Erfan Khadem Erfan Khadem Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران Khadem.erf@ymail.com Amir Hossein Nafari Amir Hossein Nafari Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران amirnafari0@gmail.com Ali Safarzadeh Ali Safarzadeh Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران Safarzadeh.aa@ymail.com Reza Falavand Jozaei Reza Falavand Jozaei Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران FalavandJozaei@ymail.com Mohammad Almasian Mohammad Almasian School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران almasian26@gmail.com Hossein Elyasi Hossein Elyasi Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران hosseineliasy8373@gmail.com Cancer Bacterial therapy Toxin Gene vector Hypoxia Souho T, Lamboni L, Xiao L, Yang G. 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Gelatin: advantages and disadvantages of gelatin from plant and animal sources 2 2 Gelatin is a solid and transparent material that has wide application in various industries, especially for the production of food and pharmaceutical. This material is mainly made from meat, skin and bones of pigs and cows around the world. The industrial process of gelatin production is a long and costly process. It seems; these sources of gelatin production may be harmful to health. Therefore, this study was aimed at reviewing the alternative sources of gelatin production and the disadvantages and benefits of each of them. Relevant articles were searched from Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Science direct, and Cochrane library. According to the results of this article, gelatin with a source of animal can have many harmful effects on human health. While it is possible to produce good and useful gelatin using plant sources. Nowadays, from materials such as agar, pectin, carrageenan and konjac that are mentioned above, and as well as other materials, very good gelatins are prepared. And further researches are needed to find the rich sources of good gelatins or to find plants that have appropriate gelatin. In total, in gelatin, there are 18 types of amino acids, and of 10 amino acids needed for the body, 9 are in gelatin. In total, gelatin is introduced safe by the FDA. Note: This article has been revised and rewritten due to the request of the corresponding author from the journal "Plant Biotechnology Persa" due to the use of unreferenced contents. In October 2023, the journal " Plant Biotechnology Persa " accepted the revised version of article following the COPE rules. Formerly title of paper: Gelatin, halal or haram?.   35 41 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/12019/11/22019/12/28 1398/10/7 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/04/18 1399/1/30 Hossein Elyasi Hossein Elyasi Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران hosseineliasy8373@gmail.com Hadis Rahimi Hadis Rahimi Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران rahimi.6977@gmail.com Asghar Sepahvend Asghar Sepahvend Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران fungimed44@yahoo.com Gelatin Medicine Medicinal herbs Traditional medicine Shaw G, Lee-Barthel A, Ross ML, et al. Vitamin C–enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. 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Natural remedies effective on stomachache in traditional medicine 2 2 Stomach ache is one of the most chronic and debilitating abdominal pains. Medicinal plants are one of the most accessible sources for treating diseases like gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we investigate and report the most important medicinal plants recommended by Persian medicine for treating stomach aches and comparing them with their proven effects in modern medicine. Methods: Gastric pain was probed in Persian medicine reliable textbooks such as Cannon of Medicine (Ibn Sina), Tibbe-Akbari (Muhammad Akbar  Arzaani ), The Complete Art of Medicine (Kitāb Kāmil as-Sinā’a at-Ṭibbiyya) (Haly Abbas), Explanation of insults and signs (Kermani) Tohfeh Al-Mo'menin (Seyed Mohammad Momen Tonekaboni), and some notes were taken. Results: The results showed that Panicum miliaceum, Punica granatum, Solanum nigrum, Calicotome spinosa, Tamarindus indica, Cuminum cyminum, Prunus domestica, Matricaria recutita, Viola odorata, Plantago psyllium, Berberis vulgaris, Pyrus  communis, Linum usitatissimum, Vitis vinifera were the most important plant sources used in treating the stomach ache according to Persian medicine. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the useful effects of many recommended plants in Persian medicine are confirmed by recent scientific researches and are reliable. 42 47 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/12019/11/22019/12/282020/03/16 1398/12/26 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/04/182020/06/16 1399/3/27 Naser Abassi Naser Abassi Biotechnology And Medicinal Plants Research Center,Ilam University Of Medical Sciences,Ilam Iran ایران Ilamfarma@gmail.com Hori Ghaneialvar Hori Ghaneialvar Assistant Professor of Clinical Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center Ilam University of Medical sciences ایران ghaneihuri@yahoo.com Somayeh Shahsavari Somayeh Shahsavari Assistant Professor of Clinical Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center Ilam University of Medical sciences ایران somayeh.shahsavari.pbp@gmail.com Pain Medicinal plants Gastrointestinal disorders Persian medicine ROME III. 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Effects of Genetically Modified corn on human health 2 2 Genetic modification is a specific part of gene technology that changes the genetic structure of living organisms, such as animals, plants, or microorganisms. Genetically Modified, is known with such names as Transgenic or Transgenic. In recent years, discussions have arisen about the potential effects of transgenic corn on health There are also discussions about its effect on other insects and other plants due to the gene flow The study was conducted as a systematic double-blind review by searching the Internet at the Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Highwire, MD Consult and Scopus databases. From the result of this study, we can come to a Conclusion that any transgenic product is not usable and can have many disadvantages, while some of them are completely safe and usable. 48 54 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/12019/11/22019/12/282020/03/162020/01/22 1398/11/2 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/04/182020/06/162019/04/19 1398/1/30 Hossein Elyasi Hossein Elyasi Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران hosseineliasy8373@gmail.com Hadis Rahimi Hadis Rahimi Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران rahimi.6977@gmail.com Amirhossein Nafari Amirhossein Nafari Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران amirnafari0@gmail.com Genetically Modified corn genetic modification recombinant DNA World Health Organization. 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A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009;5(7):706.##Kılıç A, Akay MT. A three generation study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: Biochemical and histopathological investigation. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008 Mar 31;46(3):1164-70.##Trabalza-Marinucci M, Brandi G, Rondini C, Avellini L, Giammarini C, Costarelli S, Acuti G, Orlandi C, Filippini G, Chiaradia E, Malatesta M. A three-year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance of sheep. Livestock Science. 2008 Feb 29;113(2):178-90.##Chowdhury EH, Kuribara H, Hino A, Sultana P, Mikami O, Shimada N, Guruge KS, Saito M, Nakajima Y. Detection of corn intrinsic and recombinant DNA fragments and Cry1Ab protein in the gastrointestinal contents of pigs fed genetically modified corn Bt11. Journal of animal science. 2003 Oct 1;81(10):2546-51.##Buzoianu SG, Walsh MC, Rea MC, Cassidy JP, Ryan TP, Ross RP, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Transgenerational effects of feeding genetically modified maize to nulliparous sows and offspring on offspring growth and health. Journal of animal science. 2013 Jan 1;91(1):318-30.##Séralini GE, Mesnage R, Defarge N, Gress S, Hennequin D, Clair E, Malatesta M, De Vendômois JS. Answers to critics: Why there is a long term toxicity due to a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize and to a Roundup herbicide. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013 Mar 31;53:476-83.##Carman JA, Vlieger HR, Ver Steeg LJ, Sneller VE, Robinson GW, Clinch-Jones CA, Haynes JI, Edwards JW. A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy and GM maize diet. J Org Syst. 2013 Jun;8(1):38-54.##He XY, Huang KL, Li X, Qin W, Delaney B, Luo YB. Comparison of grain from corn rootworm resistant transgenic DAS-59122-7 maize with non-transgenic maize grain in a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008 Jun 30;46(6):1994-2002.##Lutz B, Wiedemann S, Einspanier R, Mayer J, Albrecht C. Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from genetically modified maize in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005 Mar 9;53(5):1453-6.##Paul V, Guertler P, Wiedemann S, Meyer HH. Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from genetically modified maize (MON810) in relation to total dietary feed proteins in dairy cow digestion. Transgenic research. 2010 Aug 1;19(4):683-9.##Buzoianu SG, Walsh MC, Rea MC, Cassidy JP, Ross RP, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Effect of feeding genetically modified Bt MON810 maize to∼ 40-day-old pigs for 110 days on growth and health indicators. animal. 2012 Oct;6(10):1609-19.##Reiko Teshima 1 , Takahiro Watanabe, Haruyo Okunuki, Kazuto Isuzugawa, Hiroshi Akiyama, Hiroshi Onodera, Toshio Imai, Masatake Toyoda, Jun-ichi Sawada. Effect of subchronic feeding of genetically modified corn (CBH351) on immune system in BN rats and B10A mice. 食品衛生学雑誌. 2002;43(5):273-9.##Shimada N, Murata H, Mikami O, Yoshioka M, Guruge KS, Yamanaka N, Nakajima Y, Miyazaki S. Effects of feeding calves genetically modified corn Bt11: a clinico-biochemical study. Journal of veterinary medical science. 2006;68(10):1113-5.##Nakajima O, Teshima R, Takagi K, Okunuki H, Sawada JI. ELISA method for monitoring human serum IgE specific for Cry1Ab introduced into genetically modified corn. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2007 Feb 28;47(1):90-5.##Sagstad A, Sanden M, Haugland Ø, Hansen AC, Olsvik PA, Hemre GI. Evaluation of stress‐and immune‐response biomarkers in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed different levels of genetically modified maize (Bt maize), compared with its near‐isogenic parental line and a commercial suprex maize. Journal of fish diseases. 2007 Apr 1;30(4):201-12.##Brake J, Vlachos D. Evaluation of transgenic event 176" Bt" corn in broiler chickens. Poultry science. 1998 May 1;77(5):648-53.##Chowdhury EH, Mikami O, Murata H, Sultana P, Shimada N, Yoshioka M, Guruge KS, Yamamoto S, Miyazaki S, Yamanaka N, Nakajima Y. Fate of maize intrinsic and recombinant genes in calves fed genetically modified maize Bt11. Journal of Food Protection. 2004 Feb;67(2):365-70.##Barriere Y, Verite R, Brunschwig P, Surault F, Emile JC. Feeding value of corn silage estimated with sheep and dairy cows is not altered by genetic incorporation of Bt176 resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis. Journal of Dairy Science. 2001 Aug 1;84(8):1863-71.##Aulrich K, Böhme H, Daenicke R, Halle I, Flachowsky G. Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition 1st communication: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in poultry, pig and ruminant nutrition. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 2001 Jul 1;54(3):183-95.##YONEMOCHI C, IKEDA T, HARADA C, KUSAMA T, HANAZUMI M. Influence of transgenic corn (CBH 351, named Starlink) on health condition of dairy cows and transfer of Cry9C protein and cry9C gene to milk, blood, liver and muscle. Animal Science Journal. 2003 Apr 1;74(2):81-8.##Batista R, Nunes B, Carmo M, Cardoso C, São José H, de Almeida AB, Manique A, Bento L, Ricardo CP, Oliveira MM. Lack of detectable allergenicity of transgenic maize and soya samples. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2005 Aug 31;116(2):403-10.##Flachowsky G, Halle I, Aulrich K. Long term feeding of Bt-corn–a ten-generation study with quails. Archives of animal nutrition. 2005 Dec 1;59(6):449-51.##Guertler P, Paul V, Steinke K, Wiedemann S, Preißinger W, Albrecht C, Spiekers H, Schwarz FJ, Meyer HH. Long-term feeding of genetically modified corn (MON810)—Fate of cry1Ab DNA and recombinant protein during the metabolism of the dairy cow. Livestock Science. 2010 Jul 31;131(2):250-9.##Séralini GE, Cellier D, de Vendomois JS. New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2007 May 1;52(4):596-602.##Steinke K, Guertler P, Paul V, Wiedemann S, Ettle T, Albrecht C, Meyer HH, Spiekers H, Schwarz FJ. Effects of long‐term feeding of genetically modified corn (event MON810) on the performance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2010 Oct 1;94(5).##Bøhn T, Primicerio R, Hessen DO, Traavik T. Reduced fitness of Daphnia magna fed a Bt-transgenic maize variety. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2008 Nov 1;55(4):584-92.##Doull J, Gaylor D, Greim HA, Lovell DP, Lynch B, Munro IC. Report of an Expert Panel on the Reanalysis by Seralini et al of a 90-Day Study Conducted by Monsanto in Support of the Safety of a Genetically Modified Corn Variety. MON. 2007;863:2073-85.##Hammond BG, Dudek R, Lemen JK, Nemeth MA. Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn borer-protected corn. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2006 Jul 31;44(7):1092-9.##Séralini GE, Clair E, Mesnage R, Gress S, Defarge N, Malatesta M, Hennequin D, De Vendômois JS. RETRACTED: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and chemical toxicology. 2012 Nov 1;50(11):4221-31.##Appenzeller LM, Malley L, MacKenzie SA, Hoban D, Delaney B. Subchronic feeding study with genetically modified stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran resistant (DAS-Ø15Ø7-1xDAS-59122-7) maize grain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and chemical toxicology. 2009 Jul 31;47(7):1512-20.##MacKenzie SA, Lamb I, Schmidt J, Deege L, Morrisey MJ, Harper M, Layton RJ, Prochaska LM, Sanders C, Locke M, Mattsson JL. Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 in Sprague–Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2007 Apr 30;45(4):551-62.## ##

The role of probiotics in preventing dental caries 2 2 Tooth decay has occurred due to the numerous microorganisms in the mouth such as Streptococcus and Lactobacilli bacteria that can produce acid. Commercial antiplatelet agents are predominantly antibacterial compounds, but these compounds can disrupt oral bacterial flora and induce and enhance the growth of opportunistic pathogens, including Candida albicans. Nowadays, bacterial therapy is a replacement therapy for microorganisms. One of the methods of bacterial therapy is the use of probiotic bacteria. So far, many studies have been done on the effect of probiotic-containing food products on the microbial factors of tooth decay. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotics on dental caries. The search queries were from ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, magiran, SID databases. Key words were probiotic, dental caries, bacterial caries, tooth decay, laboratory and clinical studies. Finally, the selected articles were used for the review table. The results of the review of studies showed that probiotic strains are able to control bacterial agents that cause dental caries.   55 58 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/12019/11/22019/12/282020/03/162020/01/222020/03/16 1398/12/26 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/04/182020/06/162019/04/192020/06/16 1399/3/27 pegah shakib pegah shakib Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران shakib.pegah@yahoo.com samaneh rouhi samaneh rouhi Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran ایران roohi.samaneh@yahoo.com mohammad reza mr zolfaghary mohammad reza mr zolfaghary Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran ایران mreza.zolfaghary@gmail.com Oral diseases Dental Dental caries Probiotics ## ##

Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants; The new therapeutic aspect of Valeriana officinalis 2 2 The increased use of antibiotics and chemicals with various side effects is now persuading scientists to develop natural substitutes with appropriate effectiveness and protection for humans. The outbreak of the world's emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases has prompted pharmaceutical companies to develop new medicines. Valerian is one of the worldwide recognized medicinal herbs that consume abundantly for the treatment of various human diseases and disorders. The Valerianaceae family contains 10 genera and approximately 300 species 1.  It has widely cultivated for commercial purposes in some regions of Iran, including ornamental, edible, and medical1.  V.officinalis rhizomes contain two major constituent groups, including volatile oil sesquiterpens and valpotriates. Both active components are present in the hypodermis in large thin-cells at the roots, and rhizomes periphery2. Although there are still some disagreements about the relative efficacy of various groups of V.officinalis compounds, it is widely accepted that valerenic acid is the most important biologically active component3,4. Valerenic acid and its derivatives are commonly considered to contribute to valerian extracts ' pharmaceutical effect, characterized and isolated by different analytical methods5. Valerenic acid can be used in different disorders such as depression, chronic anxiety, and sleep disorders on the basis of the previous studies4. Based on previous literature, the valerenic acid component had antimicrobial effects on different microorganisms such as Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans and its methanolic extract functions were dose-dependent6,7,8. Since the antimicrobial activity of V. officinalis in the total extract was correlated with abundant monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, more research on various aspects of pharmaceutical effects is suggested.   59 60 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/12019/11/22019/12/282020/03/162020/01/222020/03/162020/03/22 1399/1/3 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/04/182020/06/162019/04/192020/06/162020/06/16 1399/3/27 Zohre Eftekhari Zohre Eftekhari Research & Production Complex, Quality Control Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran ایران eftekharivet@gmail.com Antimicrobial Valeriana officinalis New aspect Murti K, Kaushik M, Sangwan Y, Kaushik A. Pharmacological properties of Valeriana officinalis-a review. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;3:641-6.##Dong F-W, Li F, Ren J-J, Zhao C-M, Diao H-L, Li B-J, et al. Sesquiterpenoids from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana amurensis and their effects on NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Nat Prod Res . 2019:1-6.##Wiśniewski J, Szczepanik M, Kołodziej B, Król B. Plantation methods effects on common valerian (Valeriana officinalis) yield and quality. J Animal Plant Sci. 2016;26:177-84.##Yeo Y-S, Nybo SE, Chittiboyina AG, Weerasooriya AD, Wang Y-H, Góngora-Castillo E, et al. Functional identification of valerena-1, 10-diene synthase, a terpene synthase catalyzing a unique chemical cascade in the biosynthesis of biologically active sesquiterpenes in Valeriana officinalis. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(5):3163-73.##Wang J, Zhao J, Liu H, Zhou L, Liu Z, Wang J, et al. Chemical analysis and biological activity of the essential oils of two valerianaceous species from China: Nardostachys chinensis and Valeriana officinalis. Molecules. 2010;15(9):6411-22.##Nybo SE, Saunders J, McCormick SP. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of valerenadiene. J Biotechnol. 2017;262:60-6.##Khademian R, Karimzadeh F, Moradi P, Asghari B. Anti-microbial Properties of Valeriana officinalis, Satureja bachtiarica and Thymus daenensis Methanolic Extracts against Helicobacter pylori. J Pharm Res Int. 2019:1-7.##Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(4):564-82.## ##

Alzheimer's: Phytotherapy and the most important herbs in the treatment of Alzheimer's 2 2 Alzheimer's disease is a progressive form of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. This disease is associated with profound effects on intelligence, self-care, speech impairment, and dysfunction, motor functional and cognitive impairment. This letter discusses some of the most important herbal plants used for Alzheimer's disease. Herbs such as Petroselinum crispum, Thymus vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum, Matricaria chamomilla, Salvia officinalis, Allium sativum, Ziziphus jujube, Lavandula officinalis, Curcuma longa, Salvia Rosmarinus and Cyperus rotundus are considered to treat Alzheimer's. Medicinal herbs can be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's and they can be produced in the future as effective natural anti-Alzheimer's drugs.   61 62 2020/02/122019/12/92020/01/292020/02/222020/05/12019/11/22019/12/282020/03/162020/01/222020/03/162020/03/222020/03/14 1398/12/24 2020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/06/162020/04/182020/06/162019/04/192020/06/162020/06/162020/04/2 1399/1/14 Elahe Karimi Elahe Karimi Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ایران elahehkarimi3913@gmail.com Alzheimer Disease Disorder Medicinal plants Agronin ME. practical Guide in Psychiatry. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co;2004.pp: 72-280.##American Alzheimer Association[homepage on the internet]. California: The American Alzheimer Association,Inc;c1999-2002 [updated2003May22; cited2004 Apr20]. Available from: http://www.alzheimer.##Org.uk/statistic. htm.##Prince MJ. World alzheimer report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. London: Alzheimer's Disease International; 2015.##Douglas S. A. Chaves, Flávia S. Frattani, Mariane Assafim, Ana Paula de Almeida, Russolina B. Zingali, Sônia S. Costa. Phenolic Chemical Composition of Petroselinum Crispum Extract and Its Effect on Haemostasis. Natural Product Communications 2011, https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1100600709##Yang F, Lim GP, Begum AM, Ubeda OJ, Simmons MR, Ambegaokar SS, et al. Curcumin inhibits formation of Beta amyloid oligomers, binds plaques and reduce amyloid in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280(7): 5892-5901.##Azizeh Asadzadeh and Fatemeh Heidarian Naeini, 2, The Effect of Thyme in the Suppression of Acetylcholinesterase for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, 19th Annual Research Congress of Medical Students, Hamadan, Student Research Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, https: // www .civilica.com / Paper-AMSMED19-AMSMED19_178.html##Zheng Cao, Fan Wang, Chunyu Xiu, Jian Zhang, Yan feiL. Hypericum perforatum extract attenuates behavioral, biochemical, and neurochemical abnormalities in Aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2017; 91: 931-937.##Zahra Alibabaei, Zahra Rabiei, Samira Rahnama, Shiva Mokhtari, Mahmoud Rafieian-kopaei. Matricaria Chamomilla extract demonstrates antioxidant properties against elevated rat brain oxidative status induced by amnestic dose of scopolamine. Biomedicine & Aging Pathology 2014; 4(4): 355-360.##Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, M. Mohammadi, S. Ohadinia, A. H. Jamshidi, M. Khani. Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo‐controlled trial. J Clin Phar Therap, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x##Veer Bala Gupta, S. S. Indi, K. S. J. Rao. Garlic extract exhibits antiamyloidogenic activity on amyloid‐beta fibrillogenesis: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Phytotherapy Research 2008; https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2574##Kwon HY, Jung IH, Yi JH, Kim JH, Park JH, Lee SH, Jung JW, Lee YC, Ryu JH, Kim DH. The Seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa Attenuates Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated Hippocampal Synaptic Deficits through BDNF/TrkB Signaling. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2017; 40(12): 2096-2104.##Solomon Habtemariam. The Therapeutic Potential of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Diterpenes for Alzheimer’s Disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016; https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2680409##Rabiei Z, Hojjati M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Alibabaei Z. Effects of Cyperus rotundus tuber ethanolic extract of learning and memory in animal model of Alzheimer. Biomed Aging Pathol 2013. 3(4): 185-91.## ##