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Combined Extract of Spermacoce radiata (DC.) Hiern and Hypselodelphys poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh leaves (CEESH) confer Hepatoprotection in Rat Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 2 2 Objective: The combined extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphys poggeana leaves has been shown to be a potent therapeutic agent against benign prostatic hyperplasia and it is used extensively for BPH and other diseases by local traditional medicine practitioners without any evaluation of its toxicity effects on liver and other vital organs in the body.  The study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of a combined extract of S. radiata and H. poggeana (CEESH) on rats with prostate enlargement (BPH). Material and Methods: The study had five groups of rats (n = 6), with groups 1 and 2 being the normal and BPH controls, respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were the BPH rats administered Finasteride, 300 and 600 mg/kg CEESH, respectively. Prostate enlargement was induced in the rat by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone injection (5 mg/kg/day for 28 days), while Finasteride and CEESH were respectively administered to the rats orally as therapeutic agents. Results: Prostate enlargement in the rats elevated AST, ALT and ALP activities in BPH control coupled with a significant rise in the serum bilirubin levels compared to the normal control. The total protein and its constituents (including albumin and globulin) declined significantly in the BPH control compared to the normal control. Administration of CEESH to the prostate enlarged rats lowered AST, ALT, and ALP activities in groups 4–5 rats significantly (P<0.05) compared to BPH control. Besides, the CEESH treated had elevated total protein (including albumin and globulin) levels compared to the BPH control. The high bilirubin levels in the BPH control were significantly diminished in the rats treated with CEESH. No alterations in the liver micrographs of the BPH control and CEESH administered rats were observed. Conclusion: These findings showed that CEESH confers hepatoprotection in BPH induced rats and could be used to manage BPH and other hepatic disorders. 0 0 2023/07/16 1402/4/25 2022/06/21 1401/3/31 Robert Ikechukwu Uroko Robert Ikechukwu Uroko Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria Nigeria ir.uroko@mouau.edu.ng Paul Chukwuemaka Nweje-Anyalowu Paul Chukwuemaka Nweje-Anyalowu Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Abia State, Nigeria Nigeria lukaspod@yahoo.com Chinomso Friday Aaron Chinomso Friday Aaron Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Physical Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria Nigeria aaron.friday@absu.edu.ng Charles Nnanna Chukwu Charles Nnanna Chukwu Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria Nigeria charles_chukwu@uniport.edu.ng Spermacoce radiata Hypselodelphys poggeana benign prostatic hyperplasia hepatic disorder hepatic enzymes liver histomorphology. Lee C, Kozlowski JM, Grayhack JT. (1995). Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 1995; 22(2): 237-246.##Briganti A, Capitanio U, Suardi N, Gallina A, Salonia A, Bianchi M, et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and its aetiologies. Eur Urol Suppl 2009; 8(13): 865-871.##Akbari F, Azadbakht M, Megha K, Dashti A., Vahedi L, Nejad A B, et al. Evaluation of Juniperus communis L. seed extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced in male Wistar rats. Afr J Urol 2021; 2021: 27:48.##Rohrmann S, Katzke V, Kaaks R. Prevalence and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in an aging population. Urol 2016; 95: 158–163.##Iscaife A, Anjos G, Barbosa NC, Nahas WC, Srougi M, Antunes AA. The role of bladder diverticula in the prevalence of acute urinary retention in patients with BPH who are candidates to surgery. Int Braz J Urol 2018; 44(4):765-770.##Keong TF. Pathophysiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am Res J Urol 2017; 4: 152-157.##Gormley J, Stoner E, Bruskewitz RC, Imperato-McGinley J, Walsh PC, McConnell JD. The effect of Finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(17): 1185-1191.##Yu ZJ, Yan HL, Xu FH, Chao HC, Deng LH, Xu XD, et al. Efficacy and side effects of drugs commonly used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00658##Miles CB, Charu T, Lomas KT, Pradeep K, Yahya EC, Viness, P. Nutraceutical-based therapeutics and formulation strategies augmenting their efficiency to complement modern medicine: An Overview. J Funct Foods 2014; 6: 82-99.##Pereira ZV, Carvalho-Okano RM, Garcia FC. Rubiaceae Juss. da Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso, Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Acta Bot Brasil 2006; 20:207-224.##Vadivelan S, Sinha BN, Betanabhatla KS, Christina AJ, Pillai RN. Anti-inflammatory activity of Spermacoce articularis Linn on carrageenan induced paw edema in Wistar male rats. Pharmacolonline 2007; 3: 478-484.##Subramanya MD, Pai SR, Upadhya V, Ankad GM, Bhagwat SS, Hegde HV. Total polyphenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant properties of eight Sida species from Western Ghats, India. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6: 24‑8.##Abbiw D. Useful Plants of Ghana: West African Uses of Wild and Cultivated Plants London: Intermediate Technology Publications, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1990. p. 337.##Uroko RI, Anyiam PN, Uhuo EN, Ajah O. Combined ethanol extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphyspoggeana prevents renal damage and dyslipidemia in benign prostatic hyperplasia induced rats. J Herb Med 2021; 12(4): 43-52.##Thornburg JM. Targeting aspartate aminotransferase in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10(5): 84-84.##Ekeyi Y, Uchendu NO, Anaduaka EG, Ezeanyika LUS. Ethanol extract of Cassia sieberiana leaves ameliorates deviances associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. All Life 2021; 14: 473-483.##Chukwu CN, Uroko RI, Egba SI, Adamude FA, Asadu CL. Effects of combined ethanol extract of Anthocleista Vogelii and Alstonia Boonei stem barks on liver function indices in benign prostatic hyperplasia induced rats. Nigerian J Pharm Res 2021; 16(2):191-201.##Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. Acta Clin Belg 2004; 59(5): 285-289.##Stocken DD. Modelling prognostic factors in advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 99(6): 883-893.##Amang AP, Kodji E, Mezui C, Baane MP, Siwe GT, Kuissu TM, Emakoua J, Tan PV. Hepatoprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Opilia celtidifolia (Opiliaceae) Leaves against Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020:6297475.##Tofik AE, Zawdie B, Nair SKP, Welde M, Mateos HT. Evaluation of the effect of hydromethanolic seed extract of Lepidium sativum L. (Fetto) on deep-fried palm oil diet induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on male Swiss albino mice. Hepatic Medicine: Evid Res 2022; 14: 1-12.##Chong CLG, Hussan F, Othman F. Hepatoprotective effects of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract on ovariectomized rats fed with thermoxidized palm oil diet: evidence at histological and ultrastructural level. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019; 20(2): 2-10.##Nawaz H, Rehman T, Aslam M, Kiran S, Feen T, Nawaz M. Optimization of Phyllanthus emblica L. leaf extract-assisted clearance of hyperbilirubinemia in White New Zealand albino rabbits. All Life 2022; 15:54-63.##Gumaih HS. (2015). Effect of reused palm oil on biochemical and haematological parameters of mice. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci 2015; 7(1):13-21.## ##

Medicinal Herbs Affecting Cancers in Iran and the World 2 2 Objective: In many countries, cancer is the second leading cause of fatality after cardiovascular disease. Cancer is a growing problem worldwide and is one of the most important reasons for fatality in human societies. The problems of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and the many side effects that result from their use for the patient, as well as the resistance of cancer cells to common treatments, have led researchers to new drugs with greater effectiveness and less toxicity. One of the best ways to reduce the risk of cancer is to use natural materials. The purpose of this study is the effect of medicinal herbs on cancer in Iran. This study aims to search the types of herbs that are beneficial for the health of body tissues concerning cancer, in order to be able to provide a suitable way to prevent the types of cancer that are more common in humans which has become a major problem in the medical world. Material and Methods: Articles were related to searching keywords such as medicinal plants, cancer and chronic diseases. PubMed, Google Scholar and SID databases were used as search sources. Results: In the treatment of cancers from medicinal plants such as Trachyspermum ammi, Crocus sativus, Silybum marianum, Nigella sativa, Cornus mas, Aloe vera, Zingiber officinale, Urtica dioica, Allium cepa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Peganum harmala, Plantago ovate, Thymus vulgaris, and Elkhorn fern. Some of the most important traditional natural anti-cancer substances include Catharanthus roseus, Podophyllum peltatum, Combreturn cafrum, Campetotheca acuminate, and Brucea antidysenterica. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicines with anti-cancer properties can be used as a substitute or supplement to chemical drugs in treating cancers. Many unique plant species need to be further studied to find anti-cancer compounds. 1 3 2023/07/162021/11/22 1400/9/1 2022/06/212022/01/5 1400/10/15 Amir Soltanbeigi Amir Soltanbeigi Faculty of Pharmacy, Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep., Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Culture & Technology, Turkey Turkey amir.soltanbeigi@afsu.edu.tr Neda Dastyar Neda Dastyar Nursing and Midwifery School, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Turkey nedadastyar98@gmail.com Fateme Khajoei Nejad Fateme Khajoei Nejad Department of Midwifery Counseling, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran khajoei.fateme@gmail.com Samira Shokri Samira Shokri Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Division of Food Safety & Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran shokrisamira22@yahoo.com Medicinal plants Natural compounds Cancer Grosso G, Bella F, Godos J, Sciacca S, Del Rio D, Ray S, et al. Possible role of diet in cancer: a systematic review and multiple meta-analyses of dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and cancer risk. Nutr Rev 2017;75(6): 405-19.##Aleixo G, Shachar S, Nyrop K, Muss H, Malpica L, Williams G. Myosteatosis and prognosis in cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Rev Oncol Hematol 2020;145: 102839.##Ulrich E. editor Study of Quality and Safety Parameters of Phytobiotics Based on Medicinal Plant Extracts. XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference. Current Trends of Agricultural Industry in Global Economy; 2020 1-3.##Bone K. Can herbs help during cancer chemotherapy? Journal of the Australian Trad Med Soc 2019; 25(2):68-71.##Jalali AK, Ashrafi SM, Shokri S, Rezaee M, Ebrahimzadeh F, Falahi E. The Effects of Olive Oil on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Male Wistar Rats. Herbal Med J 2017; 2(2):80-6.##García-Chías B, Figuero E, Castelo-Fernández B, Cebrián-Carretero J, Cerero-Lapiedra R. Prevalence of oral side effects of chemotherapy and its relationship with periodontal risk: a cross sectional study. Supportive Care Cancer 2019; 27(9):3479-90.##Abdollahi M, Mirzaei A, F Danakhah, F. The Impact of Medicinal Plants on Cancers in Iran: A Review Study, 12th Annual Research Congress of Medical Students in the East, Gonabad, 2017; https://civilica.com/doc/ 687468.##Davarpanah M, Bakhtiari R, Karimi M, Hosseini SF, Esmaeili A. Iranian Native Medicinal Plants Affecting Staphylococcus aureus as Septic Pathogens: An updated Review. Egyp J Vet Sci 2022; 53(1):1-8.##Salehi Sardoei, Ali and Khalili, Halimeh and Fallah Imani, Afshar, 1400, a look at the effect of some medicinal plants effective against cancer, 8th International Conference on Food Science, Organic Agriculture and Food Security, https://civilica.com/doc/1326510.## ##

Spectroscopic Analysis Medicinal Herbs of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 2 2 Objective: Each medicinal herb contains one or more effective materials that are defined for therapeutic use according to the active ingredient of the plant. Since chemical drugs have side effects   the value of medicinal plants is still preserved after several centuries. One of these spectroscopic methods for identifying functional groups in medicinal plants is (FTIR). Material and Methods: This study aimed to identify the functional groups of Mentha longifolia medicinal plants native to Ilam by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method so that by recognizing the main and effective compounds of plants we can more easily step towards, recognizing and producing biomolecules and herbal medicines. Results: According to the results of spectroscopy, it was found that this plant has 15 spectra, including groups O-H, C-H, C = C, N-O, C-O, S = O, C-Br, and C-I. Conclusion: The results of the present study show the phytochemical of this plant. Further advanced studies are recommended to determine the composition of this plant. 4 8 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/9 1400/10/19 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/12 1401/1/23 Sally A. El-Zahaby Sally A. El-Zahaby Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt Egypt sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com Samira Shokri Samira Shokri Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Division of Food Safety & Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran shokrisamira22@yahoo.com Seyede Fatemeh Hosseini Seyede Fatemeh Hosseini Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, babolsar, Iran Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran sf.hosseini@ymail.com Neda Dastyar Neda Dastyar Department of Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery School, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Iran nedadastyar98@gmail.com Medicinal herb Mentha longifolia Factor groups FTIR Iran 1. Monfared A, Nabid MR, Rustaiyan A. Composition of a carvone chemotype of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. from Iran. J Essential Oil Res 2002; 14(1):51-2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2002.9699761##2. Ahmad I, Ahmad MSA, Ashraf M, Hussain M, Ashraf MY. Seasonal variation in some medicinal and biochemical ingredients in Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Pak J Bot 2011; 43(01):69-77.##3. Davarpanah M, Bakhtiari R, Karimi M, Hosseini SF, Esmaeili A. Iranian Native Medicinal Plants Affecting Staphylococcus aureus as Septic Pathogens: An updated Review. Egyp J Vet Sci 2022; 53(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2021.83742.1246##4. Saeidi Z, Saeidi KA, Salehi A, Jouneghani RS, Amirshekari H, Taghipour A. Essential oil content and composition of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson grown wild in Iran. J Med Plants Res 2012; 6(29):4522-5. doi:10.5897/JMPR11.933##5. Dadkhah A, Fatemi F, Rasooli A, Mohammadi Malayeri MR, Torabi F. Assessing the effect of Mentha longifolia essential oils on COX-2 expression in animal model of sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture. Pharmaceutical Biol 2018; 56(1):495-504. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1510972.##6. Džamić AM, Soković MD, Ristić MS, Novaković M, Grujić-Jovanović S, Tešević V, et al. Antifungal and antioxidant activity of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson (Lamiaceae) essential oil. Botanica serbica. 2010;34(1):57-61.##7. Jalali AK, Ashrafi SM, Shokri S, Rezaee M, Ebrahimzadeh F, Falahi E. The Effects of Olive Oil on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Male Wistar Rats. Herbal Med J 2017; 2(2):80-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.22087/hmj.v2i2.617 ##8. Abedi R, Golparvar AR, Hadipanah A. Identification of the essential oils composition from four ecotypes of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. growing wild in Isfahan province, Iran. J BioSci Biotechnol 2015;4(2):117-21.##9. Oyedeji A, Afolayan A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil isolated from South African Mentha longifolia (L.) L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. J Essential Oil Res 2006; 18(sup1):57-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.12067122##10. Bouchra C, Achouri M, Hassani LI, Hmamouchi M. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89(1):165-9. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00275-7.##11. Soltan Dallal MM, Aghamirzaei HM, Mehrabadi JF, Lari AR, Sabbaghi A, Eshraghian MR, et al. Molecular detection of TEM and AmpC (Dha, mox) broad spectrum β-lactamase in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Tehran Uni Med J 2010;68(6).##12. Oryzae S. Effects of six plant extracts on rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae L. in the stored wheat grains. J Agricultural Biolog Sci 2006;1(4): 1-3.##13. Jaimand K, Rezaee M. Chemical constituents of essential oils from Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson var. asiatica (Boriss.) Rech. f. from Iran. J Essential Oil Res 2002; 14(2):107-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2002.9699786##14. Mirbehresi H, Pirhadi M, Shokri S, Esmaeili A. Epidemiological aspects of poisoning Infectious-toxic bacteria of botulism on food poisoning in Iran; A review study. Egypt JJVet Sci 2022; 53(1):25-30. doi: 10.21608/ejvs.2021.86225.1253##15. Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J, Ghaskadbi S, Devasagayam TPA. Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2007; 40(3):163-73. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.40.163##16. Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Ghobadi A, Farzaei F, Najafi F. Pharmacological activity of Mentha longifolia and its phytoconstituents. J Trad Chinese Med 2017; 37(5):710-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(17)30327-8##17. Mikaili P, Mojaverrostami S, Moloudizargari M, Aghajanshakeri S. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Mentha Longifolia L. and its main constituent, menthol. Ancient Sci Life 2013; 33(2): 131. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.139059##18. Hafedh H, Fethi BA, Mejdi S, Emira N, Amina B. Effect of Mentha longifolia L. ssp longifolia essential oil on the morphology of four pathogenic bacteria visualized by atomic force microscopy. African J Microbiol Res 2010; 4(11):1122-7.##19. Ghoulami Sd, Idrissi AI, Fkih-Tetouani S. Phytochemical study of Mentha longifolia of Morocco. Fitoterapia 2001; 72(5):596-8. doi: 10.1016/s0367-326x(01)00279-9.##20. Mahmodi R, Tajik H,Farshid AA,Ehsani A, Zaree P, Moradi M. Phytochemical Properties of Mentha longifolia L. Essential Oil and its Antimicrobial Effects on Staphylococcus Aureus. Yasuj Uni Med Sci J 2011; 16: 65: 400-412. http://armaghanj.yums.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.html## ##

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract of 10 Medicinal Plants on Rathayibacter tritici and Xanthomonas translucens 2 2 Objective: Diseases caused by various drug-resistant strains in plants are increasing in many countries, so many efforts have been made to find new compounds as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs and pesticides. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of 10 medicinal plants were investigated on Rathayibacter tritici and Xanthomonas translucens. Material and Methods:  Alcoholic extracts of medicinal plants were extracted using a rotary apparatus. Two standard bacteria R. tritici and X. translucens were prepared from Persian Type Culture Collection. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of plants used at a concentration of 50 mg/ ml were determined by dilution in liquid medium on pathogens. Results: Based on the results, the lowest inhibitory concentration of thyme essential oil was 6.25 ppm, which was inhibited by R. tritici, and the lowest concentration of Hypericum perforatum essential oil against X. translucens was 6.25 ppm. The lowest concentrations of essential oils of yew and fennel were 6.25 ppm, which were inhibited by both bacteria. Rubia tinctorum leaf essential oil in a concentration of 6.25 only inhibited R. tritici bacteria. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils of the studied plants were higher than the extract. Conclusion: Essential oils of yew and oleander were the most effective against R. tritici and X. translucens, followed by thyme and rosemary against R. tritici and herring flower against X. translucens.  Although the clinical use of ethanolic extracts and essential oils of the studied plants seems valuable due to side effects, but for the clinical use of essential oils and extracts, more research should be done on the mechanism of action of effective compounds of these plants on microbial agents. 9 16 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/26 1400/3/5 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/1 1400/11/12 Bahman Fazeli-Nasab Bahman Fazeli-Nasab Research Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural Research Institute, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. ایران bfazelinasab@gmail.com Laleh Shahraki-Mojahed Laleh Shahraki-Mojahed Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. ایران LalehShahrakiMojahed@gmail.com Narjes Dahmardeh Narjes Dahmardeh Department of Anatomical sciences, Faculty of medicine, Zabol University of medical sciences, Zabol, Iran. ایران NarjesDahmardeh@gmail.com Taxus baccata L Carla Lavender Anethum graveolens Nerium Oleander Beigomi M, Biabangard A, Rohani R. Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of Rosemary and Withania somnifera methanol extract prepared by ultrasound waveform on Escherichia coli biofilm isolated from urinary tract infection. Micro Environer 2021;1(2):17-25.##Beigomi M, shakoory-moghadam V, Biabangard A, Behzadmehr R. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Micro Environer 2021;1(2):86-92.##Chagona P, Kwamboka N, Gaya H, Makonde H, Adem A, Osano K, et al. Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of the Kenyan Wild Orchids. Micro Environer 2021;1(2):93-100.##Ghafari M, Beigomi Z, Javadian E. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of extract plant against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans isolated from women Micro Environer 2021;1(2):78-85.##Jahantigh M, ahmadi H. Analysis of the antimicrobial activity of Ashurak extracts prepared with different solvents on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella dysentery isolated from poultry faeces. Micro Environer 2021;1(1):54-62.##Karabulut F, Aydın S, Parray JA. Interactions of antioxidant defense mechanisms developed by plants and microorganisms against pesticides Micro Environer 2021;1(2):63-77.##Karabulut F, Parray JA, Mir MY. Emerging trends for Harnessing plant metabolome and microbiome for sustainable food Production. Micro Environer 2021;1(1):33-53.##Parray JA, Ali U, Mir MY, Shameem N. A high throughputs and consistent method for the sampling and isolation of Endophytic bacteria allied to high altitude the medicinal plant Arnebia benthamii (Wall ex. G. Don). Micro Environer 2021;1(1):1-6.##Shafi S, Bandh SA, Shameem N. Interpreting Proteobacteria diversity through 16S rRNA analysis in Manasbal Lake, Kashmir. Micro Environer 2021;1(1):7-16.##Shahraki-Mojahed L, Behzadmehr R, Beigomi Z. Antimicrobial Effects of Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Teucrium polium and Citrullus colocynthis extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Micro Environer 2021;1(1):26-32.##Fazeli-nasab B, Fooladvand Z. Classification and Evaluation of medicinal plant and medicinal properties of mastic. Int J Adv Biolog Biomed Res 2014;2(6):2155-61.##Mehrabi A-A, Fazeli-Nasab B. In vitro culture of Allium scorodoprasum spp. Rotundum: callus induction, somatic embryogenesis and direct bulblet formation. Intl J Agri Crop Sci 2012;4(1):1-7.##Fazeli-nasab B, Fooladvand Z. A Review on Iranian Carum copticum (L.): Composition and Biological Activities. Europ J Med Plants 2016;12(1):1-8.##Rezaei-Nasab M, Komeili G, Fazeli-Nasab B. Gastroprotective effects of aqueous and hydroalcholic extract of Scrophularia striata on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2017;9(5):84-93.##Valizadeh M, Beigomi M, Fazeli-Nasab B. Antibacterial and Anti biofilm effects of ethanol and aceton leaf extract of Momordica charantia and Tecomella undulata against Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Adv Biol Biomed Res 2020;8(4):403-18.##Maghsoudi A, Saeidi S. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Nine Zagros Native Medicinal Plants Against Salmonella Typhimurium. J Vet Res 2020;75(3):380-9.##Zgurskaya H, Evtushenko L, Akimov V, Kalakoutskii L. Rathayibacter gen. nov., including the species Rathayibacter rathayi comb. nov., Rathayibacter tritici comb. nov., Rathayibacter iranicus comb. nov., and six strains from annual grasses. Int J Systematic Evolutionary Microbiol 1993;43(1):143-9.##Riley IT, Ophel KM. Clavibacter toxicus sp. nov., the bacterium responsible for annual ryegrass toxicity in Australia. Int J Systematic Evolutionary Microbiol 1992;42(1):64-8.##Scharif G. Corynebacterium iranicum sp. nov. on Wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) in Iran, and a comparative study of it with C. tritici and C. rathayi. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées. 1961;19:1-24.##Babaeezad V, Rahimian H. Identity and distribution of Rathayibacter species causing gummy spike blight of wheat in some wheat growing areas of Iran. Iranian JPlant Pathol 2002;38(1-2):47-56.##Nik Akhtar S, Rahimian HA, Baba Zad VA. Evaluation of the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the bacterial species causing gummy spike blight of wheat and barley. Agricul Biotechnol J 2016;8(1):139-56.##Brenner DJ, Krieg N, Staley J, Garrity G. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 2: The Proteobacteria. 2005. p. 1106 Pages.##Alimadadi N, Soudi MR, Sepehr S, Ghadam P. Potentially virulent isolates of Xanthomonas campestris from agricultural soil of Ray and Karaj. Cellular Molecular Res 2013;26(3):339-52.##Sapkota S, Mergoum M, Liu Z. The translucens group of Xanthomonas translucens: Complicated and important pathogens causing bacterial leaf streak on cereals. Molecular plant Pathol 2020;21(3):291-302.##Miguel MG, Cruz C, Faleiro L, Simões MT, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, et al. Foeniculum vulgare essential oils: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Natural Product Communications. 2010;5(2):319-28.##Soylu S, Soylu E, Evrendilek G. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. vulgare) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) against the growth of food-borne and seed-borne pathogenic bacteria. Italian J Food Sci 2009;21(3):347-55.##Vahidi H, Kamalinejad M, Sedaghati N. Antimicrobial properties of Croccus sativus L. Iran J Pharmac Res 2010;1(1):33-5.##Kulak M, Gul F, Sekeroglu N. Changes in growth parameter and essential oil composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves in response to various salt stresses. Industrial Crops Prod 2020;145:112078.##Khodadadi S, Mahdinezhad N, Fazeli-Nasab B, Heidari MJ, Fakheri B, Miri A. Investigating the Possibility of Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vaccinium arctostaphlyos Extract and Evaluating Its Antibacterial Properties. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021:Article ID: 5572252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5572252.##Aziman N, Abdullah N, Bujang A, Mohd Noor Z, Abdul Aziz A, Ahmad R. Phytochemicals of ethanolic extract and essential oil of Persicaria hydropiper and their potential as antibacterial agents for food packaging polylactic acid film. J Food Safety 2021;41(1):e12864.##Humphries RM, Ambler J, Mitchell SL, Castanheira M, Dingle T, Hindler JA, et al. CLSI methods development and standardization working group best practices for evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests. J Clin Microbiol 2018;56(4):01934-17.##Pakdel F, Ghasemi S, Babaloo A, Javadzadeh Y, Momeni R, Ghanizadeh M, et al. Antibacterial effects of garlic extracts and ziziphora essential oil on bacteria associated with peri-implantitis. 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Essential Oils Have the Potential to Be Effective Therapeutic Agents In The Future 2 2 Objective: Medical treatments and preventions have made use of essential oils since the middle ages. Bactericidal, fungicidal, and antioxidant characteristics are among the various uses for essential oils in the fields of sanitation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food. The volatile components of these plants are phenol-derived aromatics, aliphatic compounds, and terpenes and terpenoids. Material and Methods: Our paper discusses some of the biochemical properties of essential oils, including their antimicrobial properties, which can be used instead of dangerous synthetic fungicidal and bactericidal products. Articles were related to searching keywords such as essential oils, agents, Medicinal plants. PubMed, Google Scholar and SID databases were used as search sources. Results: Essential oils are used as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and insecticidal compounds Conclusion: In recent years, increasing interest has been shown in the possibility of using essential oils as antimicrobials and preservatives in various industries. 17 23 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/4 1400/12/13 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/25 1401/1/5 sumia urainab sumia urainab Multan institute of health and sciences affiliated to gcuf Pakistan sumiaurainab23@gmail.com Arifa Mehreen Arifa Mehreen Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Pakistan Mehreena@ymail.com Sidra Zahid Sidra Zahid Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Pakistan Zahid@ymail.com Essential oils Bioactivity Medicinal plants Başer K, Buchbauer G. Handbook of Essential Oils. 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2020.##Sonia M. 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Medicinal Plants and Herbal Compounds: Cancer Prevention and Treatment 2 2 Objective: The global burden of cancer is increasing due to aging, population growth, poor nutrition, inadequate exercise, as well as high-risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. According to the World Health Organization, in 2008, the ASR (Age Standardized Rate) of cancers of both sexes (according to the global reference population) in Iran is 107.7 per 100,000 population, and its five most common cancers are stomach, breast, colorectum, Bladder, and leukemia. According to global ASR statistics, the most common cancers in both sexes are 181.6 and five cancers are lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, and prostate. With the increase in life expectancy and the increase in the aging index in the population of Iran, it is expected that the incidence of various cancers will increase in the coming years and a lot of humans and financial capitals will be wasted. On the other hand, with the advancement of technology in bioinformatics and molecular techniques, a lot of information has been obtained that will help in the early detection of cancer. Meanwhile, despite much research on cancer and its treatment, this disease is still one of the biggest health problems in human societies. Material and Methods: This research has been prepared in the form of a library, also articles reported in authoritative sources such as Springer, Elsevier, PubMed, Nature, etc. in 2021. Results: Alfalfa extract and Aloe vera L. have been used to treat breast cancer and prevent dermatitis. Nigella sativa and boron have been used in the treatment of prostate, breast, cervical and lung cancers. Wild pistachio has been shown to affect colon cancer cell line. Artichokes improve the liver, bile, lower cholesterol and blood lipids. The leaves of the Hedera plant (Hedera pasuchovii G.Woronow) have been shown to affect breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and uterus (Hela) as well as blood lymphocytes. Bakhtiari savory has been effective on Hela cancer cell line. Conclusion: Considering that chemical drugs used in the treatment of cancer, in addition to creating drug resistance the study of medicinal plants and factors of natural origins, such as compounds derived from medicinal plants used in the treatment of cancer is one of the most important objectives of the present study. 24 34 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/42021/09/11 1400/6/20 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/252022/04/5 1401/1/16 Bahman Fazeli-Nasab Bahman Fazeli-Nasab Research Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural Research Institute, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran ایران bfazelinasab@gmail.com Fatemeh Bidarnamani Fatemeh Bidarnamani Research Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural Research Institute, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran ایران Fatemehbidarnamani2019@yahoo.com Savory Breast cancer Pistachio Eugene Thymoquinone Seyedalipour B, Pourakbar E, Taravati A. 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Apoptosis Effects of Aloe-emodin against MCF-7 Cell Line. J Rafsanjan Uni Med Sci 2014;13(1):41-52.##Sodaii zadeh H, Shamsaie M, Tajamoliyan M, Mirmohammady maibody AM, Hakim zadeh Ma. The Effects of Water Stress on some Morphological and physiological Characteristics of Satureja hortensis. J Plant Process Func 2016;5(15):1-12.##Davari A, Solouki M, Fazeli-Nasab B. Effects of jasmonic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on process of changes of phytochemical and antioxidant in genotypes of Satureja hortensis L. Eco-Phytochem J Med Plants. 2018;5(4):1-20.##Sadrnia M. Effects of Aqueous Extracts and Essential Oils of Mentha and Satureja on the Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus. J Arak UniMed Sci2018;21(1):63-73.##Behdarvand Shoushtar A, Sazegar H, Ghasemi Pirbaloti A. Cytotoxic Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract from Satureja bachtiarica Bunge on Hela Cancer Cells Line. J Med Herb 2017;7(4):223-9.##Khodarahmi GA, Ghasemi N, Hassanzadeh F, Safaie M. Cytotoxic effects of different extracts and latex of Ficus carica L. on HeLa cell line. IJPR 2011;10(2):273-7.##Riahi-Madvar A, Yousefi K, Nasiri-Bezenjani M. Positive effect of Cu and yeast extract elicitors on the content of rosmarinic acid in Melissa offisinalis L. Iranian J Med Aromatic Plants Res 2014;30(5):714-23.##Yazdani M, jookar kashi f, Toluei Z, Rahimi-Moghaddam A. Evaluation of phytochemical, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of of Melissa officinalis L. from Marivan region. Eco-phytochem J Med Plants 2020;8(1):16-29.##Pournaghi N, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Safari E, Hajiaghaee R. A review of the genus Caesalpinia L.: emphasis on the cassane and norcassane compounds and cytotoxicity effects. J Med Plants 2020;19(76):1-20.##Fooladvand Z, Fazeli Nasab B, Derikvand R, Ghasemi Pirbaloti A. Optimization of callus induction and cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. J Herbal Drugs 2014;5(3 ):157-63.##Seifi M, Nazeri S, Soltani J. Presence of the DBAT gene and in vitro production of Taxol in endophytic fungi isolated from Iranian yew (Taxus baccata). Feyz JKashan Uni Med Sci 2013;17(3):255-60.##Zhao Z, Ukidve A, Kim J, Mitragotri S. Targeting strategies for tissue-specific drug delivery. Cell 2020;181(1):151-67.##Young CC, Vedadghavami A, Bajpayee AG. Bioelectricity for drug delivery: promise of cationic therapeutics. Bioelectr 2020;2(2):68-81.##Poon W, Kingston BR, Ouyang B, Ngo W, Chan WC. A framework for designing delivery systems. Nature Nanotechnol 2020;15(10):819-29.## ##

Evaluating the Effect of Fertilizers on Physiological Growth, Chemical, Bioactive Components and Secondary Metabolites in Vigna Unguiculata (L.) 2 2 Objective: Vigna unguiculatata (L.) (Cowpea) is an African indigenous protein-dense crop that most sub-Saharan Africans rely on for food and nutrition security. Material and Methods: The current study assessed the effect of different levels of poultry manure fertilizer (10, 30, 60 and 90 kg F/ha) and nitrogen fertilizer (30, 45, 60 and 90 kg N/ha) on the growth, yield, mineral composition, bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in the legume crop Vigna unguiculata (L.). At the end of 15 weeks, 90 kg F/ha and 45 kg N/ha enhanced the growth, yield, mineral composition, production of ascorbic acid, total phenolic and FRAP assay, this informed our decision for the selection of this treatments (45kgN/ha, 90kgF/ha and 0kg/ha control) for further analyses of secondary metabolites. Results: Poultry manure and nitrogen fertilizer improved the mineral compositions of cowpea leaves, and different accumulation trends were noted depending on different application levels, with poultry manure responding well. Conclusion: Thus, the application of organic poultry manure at 90 kg F/ha for cowpea cultivation should potentially be recommended in the Mpumalanga Province. 35 48 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/42021/09/112022/02/21 1400/12/2 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/252022/04/52022/04/11 1401/1/22 Ngwatshipane Madonna Mashabela Ngwatshipane Madonna Mashabela School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga,P/Bag X11283, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa South Africa ngwatsipanemashabela@gmail.com Wilfred Otang-Mbeng Wilfred Otang-Mbeng School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga,P/Bag X11283, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa South Africa Wilfred.Mbeng@ump.ac.za Cowpea organic fertilizer FRAP Mpumalanga Province Moloto MR, Phan AD, Shai JL, Sultanbawa Y, Sivakumar D. Comparison of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, amino acid composition, in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities in the leaves of seven cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars. Foods 2020; 9(9):1285.##FAO. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Statistical Database. From http://faostat3.fao.org. Published: 2014; 23 December##Gonçalves A, Goufo P, Barros A, Domínguez‐Perles R, Trindade, H., Rosa, E.A., Ferreira, L. and Rodrigues, M. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), a renewed multipurpose crop for a more sustainable agri‐food system: nutritional advantages and constraints. J Sci Food Agricult 2016; 96(9), 2941-2951.##Jayathilake C, Visvanathan R, Deen A, Bangamuwage R, Jayawardana BC, Nammi S, Liyanage R. Cowpea: an overview on its nutritional facts and health benefits. J Sci Food Agric 2018 98(13):4793-806.##Zhang B, Deng Z, Ramdath DD, Tang Y, Chen PX, Liu R, Liu Q, Tsao R. 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Nitrogen fixation in sustainable agriculture: the African experience. Soil Biol Biochem 1997; 29:809-18.##Henao J, Baanante C. Agricultural production and soil nutrient mining in Africa: Implications for resource conservation and policy development 2006.##Patil NM. Biofertilizer effect on growth, protein and carbohydrate content in Stevia rebaudiana Var Bertoni. Recent Res Sci Technol 2010; 2(10):42-4.##Hepperly P, Lotter D, Ulsh CZ, Seidel R, Reider C. Compost, manure and synthetic fertilizer influences crop yields, soil properties, nitrate leaching and crop nutrient content. Compost Sci Utiliz 2009, 17(2):117-26.##Purbajanti ED, Slamet W, Fuskhah E. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, activity of nitrate reductase and chlorophyll contents of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). InIOP conference series: Earth Environ Sci 2019; 250(1): 012048.##Verma S, Singh A, Pradhan SS, Singh RK, Singh JP. Bio-efficacy of organic formulations on crop production-A review. 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Identifying metabolites by integrating metabolome databases with mass spectrometry cheminformatics. Nature Methods 2018; 15(1):53-6.##Islam MA, Boyce AN, Rahman MM, Azirun MS, Ashraf MA. Effects of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of bush bean, winged bean and yard long bean. Brazilian Arch Biol Technol 2016; 59.##Roy S, Arunachalam K, Dutta BK, Arunachalam A. Effect of organic amendments of soil on growth and productivity of three common crops viz. Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris and Abelmoschus esculentus. Appl Soil Ecol 2010; 45(2):78-84.##Yoganathan R, Gunasekera HK, Hariharan R. Integrated Use of Animal Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Vegetable Cowpea (Vigna uniquiculata). Int J Agric Biosys Eng 2013; 7(8):775-8.##Oyaniyi TO, Fawole TO, Omilabu SK, Olla NO, Bidmos FA, Olakunle SD. Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in African Spinach (Amaranthus cruentus L.) Grown on Soil from a Dumpsite. Ren Able 2021; 1(1):35-44.##Abebe GI, Hattar BU, Al-Tawaha AR. 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A Brief Study of Mass Spectrometry of Natural Products 2 2 Objective: The physical and chemical data of the pure substance can be analysed to determine the structure. In the current era of structural elucidation, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, especially the various types of 2D NMR, are used extensively, while infrared (IR) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) are main tool to recognize the functional groups in the structure. The correlation of key chemicals in chromatograph peaks with individual mass spectra is commonly accomplished using HPLC mass spectrometry (LCMS). For most chemicals studied, LCMS ionisation procedures are chemically mild, and strong molecular ion peaks are detected. MS (mass spectrometry) is a technique for determining a substance's molecular mass, formula, and fragmentation pattern. The most widely deployed techniques in mass spectrometry are electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, chemical ionization mass spectrometry, chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Our paper discusses in brief how mass spectrometry can be used to study and analyze natural products in a scientific manner. Mass spectrometry, which has been used to study complex biological systems for more than a century, is currently at a critical crossroads. We'll be looking at how the mass spectrometry business is expected to change over the next decade, emphasising the natural products industry's increasing techniques and technology. This research aims to provide a fast summary of how mass spectrometry is used in many disciplines. Material and Methods: This review study relies on three search engines, Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and printed material from the library, to do the best literature research possible. Conclusion: We highlight growing mass spectrometric methodologies and technologies employed by the natural product field in this viewpoint piece and provide a glimpse into the future directions in which the mass spectrometry field will migrate over the next decade. 49 53 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/42021/09/112022/02/212022/03/21 1401/1/1 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/252022/04/52022/04/112022/04/17 1401/1/28 Insha Ur Rehman Insha Ur Rehman The University Of Lahore, Sargodha Sargodha inshaurrehman82@gmail.com Lubna Malik Lubna Malik The University Of Lahore, Sargodha Sargodha mlubna878@gmail.com Saima Zaheer Saima Zaheer The University Of Lahore, Sargodha Sargodha saimazaheer878@gmail.com Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad Abdullah The University Of Lahore, Sargodha Sargodha awanbrothers847@gmail.com Mass spectrometry Natural product Structure Determination Bouslimani A, Sanchez LM, Garg N, Dorrestein PC. Mass spectrometry of natural products: current, emerging and future technologies. Natural Prod Rep 2014; 31(6) 718-729.##Esquenazi E, Yang YL, Watrous J, Gerwick WH, Dorrestein PC. Imaging mass spectrometry of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26(12) 1521-1534.##Xing J, Xie C, Lou H. Recent applications of liquid chromatography– mass spectrometry in natural products bioanalysis. J Pharmac Biomed Anal 2007; 44(2) 368-378.##Al-Rubaye AF, Hameed IH, Kadhim MJ. A review: uses of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique for analysis of bioactive natural compounds of some plants. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res 2017; 9(1): 81-85.##Demarque DP, Crotti AE, Vessecchi R, Lopes JL, Lopes NP. Fragmentation reactions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: an important tool for the structural elucidation and characterization of synthetic and natural products. Natural Prod Rep 2016;33(3) 432-455.##Alvarez G, Ballesteros D, Parada F, Ibanez E, Cifuentes A. 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Analysis of Daturastramonium Linn. biodiesel by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Phytochem 4(1); https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/jp/article/view/2751##Liu Z, Ezernieks V, Rochfort S, Cocks B. Comparison of methylation methods for fatty acid analysis of milk fat. Food Chem 2018; 261, 210-215.##Xia W, Budge SM. GC-MS Characterization of Hydroxy Fatty Acids Generated From Lipid Oxidation in Vegetable Oils. Europ J Lipid Sci Technol 2018; 120(2) 1700313.##Benítez R, Coronell C, Martin J. Chemical Characterizaction Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia Volubilis) Seed: Oleaginosa Promising From the Colombian Amazon. Int J Curr Sci Res Rev 2018; 1(1) 1-12.##Wannes WA, Mhamdi B, Saidani TM, Marzouk B. Lipid and volatile composition of borage (Borago officinalis L.) leaf. Trends Phytochemical Res 2017; 1(3)143-148.##Yi T, Li SM, Fan JY, Fan LL, Zhang ZF, Luo P, Chen HB. Comparativeanalysis of EPA and DHA in fish oil nutritional capsules by GC-MS. 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Does Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Cause Neuro-toxicity on The Central Nervous System? A Review 2 2 Objective: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an additive which is substantially applied in commercially processed foods in order to increase the flavor and sapidity and make a unique flavor which cannot be provided by any other ingredient. Since the discovery of endogenous amino acid glutamate (as a neurotransmitter) in human body, the possible toxicity of exogenous glutamic acid has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. Accordingly, various animal studies have been documented on toxic impacts of MSG on different parts of the body including central nervous system, liver, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and other systems. Thus, since that time, the safety of MSG has repeatedly been checked and reaffirmed within the scientific communities due to the contradict results. This literature review article specifically aimed to discuss the probable safety of dietary MSG for central nervous system and also provide an integrated information from several studies documented on possible neurotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate on glutamate receptors of Central Nervous System in order to elevate the public awareness about it. Material and Methods: Literature search of this review was done by keywords of “sodium glutamate” “monosodium glutamate”, “MSG”, “central nervous system”, “CNS”, “neurotoxicity”, toxic effects of MSG on “glutamate receptors”, “hypothalamus” and “pituitary” in Google Scholar and PubMed databases and almost all of the 70 relevant articles from 1984-2021 were considered and among those with similar contents, newer ones were included and the others were excluded. Finally, 32 articles were used to write this literature review article. Conclusion: Collecting the results of all studied articles seems to supports the hypothesis of safety. In fact, it seems that MSG as a food additive within the limited amounts as well as natural levels of glutamic acid which is present in food supplies provides no serious hazard to the human CNS. 54 59 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/42021/09/112022/02/212022/03/212022/04/11 1401/1/22 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/252022/04/52022/04/112022/04/172022/04/14 1401/1/25 Shiva Ghareghani Shiva Ghareghani Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ایران Sh-ghareghani@alumnus.tums.ac.ir Parisa Sadighara Parisa Sadighara Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ایران parisa.sadighara@gmail.com Sayedeh Mahsa Khodaei Sayedeh Mahsa Khodaei Department of Nutrition, Health and Food Safety, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ایران mahsa.kh2016.2016@gmail.com Mohadeseh Pirhadi Mohadeseh Pirhadi Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران m.pirhadi371@gmail.com CNS Food additives Hypothalamus Pituitary Monosodium glutamate Neurotoxicity. Beyreuther K, Biesalski HK, Fernstrom JD, Grimm P, Hammes WP, Heinemann U, et al. Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate–an update. European J Clin Nutr 2007;61(3):304-13.##Yeomans MR, Gould NJ, Mobini S, Prescott J. Acquired flavor acceptance and intake facilitated by monosodium glutamate in humans. Physiol Behav 2008; 93(4-5):958-66.##Zhang Y, Venkitasamy C, Pan Z, Liu W, Zhao L. Novel umami ingredients: Umami peptides and their taste. J Food Sci 2017; 82(1):16-23.##Yamaguchi S. Basic properties of umami and its effects on food flavor. Food Rev Int 1998; 14(2-3):139-76.##Chakraborty SP. Patho-physiological and toxicological aspects of monosodium glutamate. Toxicol Mechan Meth 2019; 29(6): 389-96.##Thuy LN, Salanta L, Tofana M, Socaci SA, Fărcaș AC, Pop C. A Mini Review About Monosodium Glutamate. Bulletin UASVM Food Sci Technol 2020; 77(1):1-12.##Husarova V, Ostatnikova D. Monosodium glutamate toxic effects and their implications for human intake: a review. Jmed Res 2013(2):1-12.##Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000; 130(4): 1007S-15S.##Collison KS, Makhoul NJ, Zaidi MZ, Al-Rabiah R, Inglis A, Andres BL, et al. Interactive effects of neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate and aspartame on glucose homeostasis. Nutr Methabol 2012;9(1):1-13.##Mukherjee S, Manahan-Vaughan D. Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in persistent forms of hippocampal plasticity and learning. Neuropharmacol 2013; 66:65-81.##López-González M, Díaz-Casares A, González-García M, Peinado-Aragonés C, Barbancho M, de Albornoz MC, et al. Glutamate receptors of the A5 region modulate cardiovascular responses evoked from the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and perifornical area. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74(2):325-34.##Ferraguti F. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for novel anxiolytics. Current Opin Pharmacol 2018; 38:37-42.##Pereira V, Goudet C. Emerging trends in pain modulation by metabotropic glutamate receptors. FrontMolecular Neurosci 2019; 11:464.##Ferraguti F. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Amygdala Functions. mGLU Receptors: Springer 2017: 241-77.##Fernstrom JD. Monosodium glutamate in the diet does not raise brain glutamate concentrations or disrupt brain functions. Annals Nutr Metabol 2018;73(5):43-52.##Olney JW. Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Sci 1969;164(3880): 719-21.##Amat P, Peláez B, Blazquez J, Pastor F, Sánchez A. Lectinhistochemistry and ultrastructure of microglial response to monosodium glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in the arcuate nucleus. Histol Histopathol 1999; 14(1):165-74.##Reynolds WA, Lemkey-Johnston N, Stegink L. Morphology of the fetal monkey hypothalamus after in utero exposure to monosodium glutamate. Glutamic Acid: Adv Biochem Physiol 1979:217-29.##Gonzalez-Burgos I, Perez-Vega M, Beas-Zarate C. Neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate induces cell death and dendritic hypotrophy in rat prefrontocortical pyramidal neurons. Neurosci letters 2001; 297(2):69-72.##Rivera‐Cervantes M, Torres JS, Feria‐Velasco A, Armendariz‐Borunda J, Beas‐Zárate C. NMDA and AMPA receptor expression and cortical neuronal death are associated with p38 in glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity in vivo. J Neurosci 2004; 76(5):678-87.##Hashem HE, Safwat ME-D, Algaidi S. The effect of monosodium glutamate on the cerebellar cortex of male albino rats and the protective role of vitamin C (histological and immunohistochemical study). J Molecular Histol 2012; 43(2):179-86.##Umukoro S, Oluwole GO, Olamijowon HE, Omogbiya AI, Eduviere AT. Effect of monosodium glutamate on behavioral phenotypes, biomarkers of oxidative stress in brain tissues and liver enzymes in mice. World J Neurosci 2015; 5(05):339.##Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY, Akanmu M, Gbola O. Evidence of alterations in brain structure and antioxidant status following ‘low-dose’monosodium glutamate ingestion. Pathophysiol 2016; 23(3):147-56.##Saikrishna K, Kumari R, Chaitanya K, Biswas S, Nayak PG, Mudgal J, et al. Combined administration of monosodium glutamate and high sucrose diet accelerates the induction of type 2 diabetes, vascular dysfunction, and memory impairment in rats. J Environmental Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2018; 37(1).##Vorhees CV. A test of dietary monosodium glutamate developmental neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal. Annals Nutr Metabol 2018; 73(5):36-42.##Omogbiya AI, Ben-Azu B, Eduviere AT, Eneni A-EO, Nwokoye PO, Ajayi AM, et al. Monosodium glutamate induces memory and hepatic dysfunctions in mice: ameliorative role of Jobelyn® through the augmentation of cellular antioxidant defense machineries. Toxicol Res 2020:1-13.##Hawkins RA. The blood-brain barrier and glutamate. 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Phytochemical Investigations of Flower Drug from Plant Acmella Paniculata (Wall. Ex DC.) R. K. Jansen 2 2 Objective: Acmella paniculata (Wall. Ex DC.) R. K. Jansen, also known as Akkalkadha or toothache plant is an important medicinal herb of the Asteraceae family that grows in the tropics and subtropics of the world. Material and Methods: The present phytochemical investigation aimed at evaluating the impact of different solvents on extraction yields, ash analysis, fluorescence analysis and phytochemical compounds from flower drug of A. paniculata plant. The results indicate that solvents have a significant impact in the yield of extraction. Results: Resulting in the higher extraction yield in solvent distilled water and ethanol. Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids are found in the crude flower drug of the plant. Conclusion: The present study is useful in drug standardization, identifying the adulteration in the Ayurvedic medicines from this plant. 60 67 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/42021/09/112022/02/212022/03/212022/04/112022/04/22 1401/2/2 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/252022/04/52022/04/112022/04/172022/04/142022/05/7 1401/2/17 Bhagwan Mahale Bhagwan Mahale MGV Arts Science and Commerce College Surgana Dist Nashik India India bhagwanmahale3@gmail.com Sagar Palwe Sagar Palwe MGV Arts Science and Commerce College Surgana Dist NAshik India 422211 India sagarpalwe@gmail.com Asahish Gajbhiye Asahish Gajbhiye MGV Arts Science and Commerce College Surgana Dist Nashik India 422211 India avigaj023@gmail.com Vinayak Bagul Vinayak Bagul MGV Arts Science and Commerce College Surgana Dist Nashik India 422211 India vrbchem28@gmail.com VInayak Kadam VInayak Kadam MGV Arts Science and Commerce College Surgana Dist Nashik India 422211 India kadamvv18@gmail.com Acmella paniculata ash analysis extraction yields flower drug fluorescence analysis phytochemical investigation. Ballabh B and Chaurasia O P, Traditional medicinal plants of cold desert Ladakh used in treatment of cold, cough and fever. J Ethnopharmacol 2007, 112 (2): 341-345.##Pandey M M, Rastogi S, Rawat A K S, Indian traditional ayurvedic system of medicine and nutritional supplementation, Evidence Based Comp. and Alt. Med 2013, 2013, 1-12.##Essawi Tand Srour M, Screening of some Palestinian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity, J Ethnopharmacol 2000, 70, 343-349.##Sumathi P and Parvathi A, Antimicrobial activity of some traditional medicinal plants. J Med Plants Res 2010; 4 (4): 316-321.##Krishna M P, Varghese R, Mohan M and Mohamed Hatha A A, Antibacterial activity of Acmella paniculata extract on human pathogenic bacteria. Int JHerbal Med 2014; 2 (1): 132-134.##Sahaya S, Servin W and Devi B C, Antimicrobial activity of in vitro raised Acmella calva (DC.), Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4:124-127.##Purushothaman Y, Gunaseelan S and Vijayakumar S D, Spilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses- a review, Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018, 11 (6): 45-49.##Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S and Prachayasittikul V, High therapeutic potential of Spilanthes acmella: A Review, Veda / EXCLI Journal, 2013,12, 291-312.##Pushpangadan P and Atal C K, Ethnomedical and ethnobotanical investigations among some scheduled caste communities of travancore, Kerala, India, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1986, 16(2)175-190.##Teklehaymanot T, Giday M, Medhin G and Mekonnen Y, Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by people around Debre Libanos monastery in Ethiopia, J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 111(2): 271-283.##Sabitha Rani A, Sana H, Sulakshana G, Puri E S and Keerti M, Spilanthes acmella- an important medicinal plant, Int J Minor Fruits Med Aromatic Plants 2019; 5 (2): 15- 26.##Jondiko I J O, A mosquito larvicide in Spilanthes mauritiana, Phytochem 1986; 25 (10): 2289–2290.##Kadir H A, Zakaria M B, Kechil A A, and Azirun M S, Toxicity and electrophysiological effects of Spilanthes acmella Murr. Pesticide Sci 1989; 25 (4): 329–335.##Mukharya D K and Ansari A H, Olean-12-en-3-O-betaD-galactopyranosyl (1-4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside: a new triterpenoidal saponin from the roots of Spilanthes acmella (Murr.). Indian J Chem Biol 1987; 26–86.##Yasuda I, Takeya K, and Itokawa H, The geometric structure of spilanthol, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1980; 28 (7): 2251–2253.##Dubey S, Maity S, Singh M, Saraf S A and Saha S, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Spilanthes acmella: A Review, Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013; 1-9.##Patel S, Gamit S, Qureshimatva U and Solanki H, Distribution Patterns of Acmella paniculata (Wall. Ex DC.) R. K. Jansen in Gujarat, India. Int JResearch Advent Technol 2019; 7 (5): 186-191.##Jansen R K, The systematics of Acmella (Asteraceae-Heliantheae), Systematic Botany Monographs 1985; 1-115.##El-Wahab A E A, Ghareeb D A, Sarhan E E, Rao T M, Rao B G and Rao Y V, Antioxidant activity of Spilanthes acmella extracts. Int J Phytopharm 2012; 3 (2): 216-220.##Kharshiing EV, Aqueous extracts of dried fruits of Zanthoxylum armatum DC., (Rutaceae) induce cellular and nuclear damage coupled with inhibition of mitoticactivity in-vivo. Am J Plant Sci 2012; 3 (11): 1646-1653.##Maimulyanti A and Prihadi A, Chemical composition of essential oil and hexane extract and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass flowers from Indonesia. Agric Nat Resour 2016; 50 (4): 264-269.##Gairola K, Gururani S, Kumar R, Prakash O, Agarwal S and Dubey S, Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil of Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. grown in North India Terai region of Uttarakhand. Trends Phytochem Res 2021; 5 (1): 44-52.##Kumar KS and Ravindra N, Spilanthes acmella: Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical studies. J Pharm Adv Res 2018; 1(7): 329-334.##Hait M, Behera SK, Chaturwedi AK and Vaishnav MM, Exploration of phytochemical potential on flower of Butea monosperma. JPharmacognosy and Phytochem 2019; 8(3): 2083-2085.##Bagul VR, Mahale BN, Palwe SD, Gajbhiye AV and Kadam VV, In-Vitro Phytochemical Screening of the Flower Extracts of Butea monospema (Lam.) Taub. Int JCurrent Res 2021; 13 (3): 16645-16649.##Anbalagan S, Sankareswaran M, Moorthy M, Elakkia B, Fahamitha E, Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Vitex negundo Leaf Extracts Against Clinically Isolated Fungal Pathogens. Indian J Appl Microbiol 2017; 20(2): 119-125.##Harborne JB, Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of plant Analysis, London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1973; 49-279.##Kokate CK,1994, Practical pharmacognosy, Ed. 4, New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan.##Mishra CS, Pratyush K, Sagadevan LDM, James J, Veettil AKT, Thankamani V, A comparative study on phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of roots of Alstonia scholaris with the roots, leaves and stem bark. Int J Res Phytochem Pharmacol 2011; 1(2): 77-82.##Sofowra A, Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd 1993; 191- 289.##Trease GE, Evans WC, Pharmacognosy, 11th edn, London: Bailliere Tindall.1989; 45-50.##Geneva: WHO. WHO. Quality Control Method for Medicinal Plant Materials 2002.##Chase CR, Jr, Pratt R. Fluorescence of powdered vegetable drugs with particular reference to development of a system of identification. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc 1949; 38: 324–31.##Alam F, Us Saqib QN. Pharmacognostic study and development of quality control parameters for fruit, bark and leaf of Zanthoxylum armatum (Rutaceae). Anc Sci Life 2015; 34(3):147-155.## ##

Combined Extract of Spermacoce radiata (DC.) Hiern and Hypselodelphys poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh leaves (CEESH) confer Hepatoprotection in Rat Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 2 2 Objective: The combined extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphys poggeana leaves has been shown to be a potent therapeutic agent against benign prostatic hyperplasia and it is used extensively for BPH and other diseases by local traditional medicine practitioners without any evaluation of its toxicity effects on liver and other vital organs in the body.  The study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of a combined extract of S. radiata and H. poggeana (CEESH) on rats with prostate enlargement (BPH). Material and Methods: The study had five groups of rats (n = 6), with groups 1 and 2 being the normal and BPH controls, respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were the BPH rats administered Finasteride, 300 and 600 mg/kg CEESH, respectively. Prostate enlargement was induced in the rat by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone injection (5 mg/kg/day for 28 days), while Finasteride and CEESH were respectively administered to the rats orally as therapeutic agents. Results: Prostate enlargement in the rats elevated AST, ALT and ALP activities in BPH control coupled with a significant rise in the serum bilirubin levels compared to the normal control. The total protein and its constituents (including albumin and globulin) declined significantly in the BPH control compared to the normal control. Administration of CEESH to the prostate enlarged rats lowered AST, ALT, and ALP activities in groups 4–5 rats significantly (P<0.05) compared to BPH control. Besides, the CEESH treated had elevated total protein (including albumin and globulin) levels compared to the BPH control. The high bilirubin levels in the BPH control were significantly diminished in the rats treated with CEESH. No alterations in the liver micrographs of the BPH control and CEESH administered rats were observed. Conclusion: These findings showed that CEESH confers hepatoprotection in BPH induced rats and could be used to manage BPH and other hepatic disorders. 68 78 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/42021/09/112022/02/212022/03/212022/04/112022/04/222022/05/1 1401/2/11 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/252022/04/52022/04/112022/04/172022/04/142022/05/72022/05/10 1401/2/20 Robert Ikechukwu Uroko Robert Ikechukwu Uroko Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria Nigeria ir.uroko@mouau.edu.ng Paul Chukwuemaka Nweje-Anyalowu Paul Chukwuemaka Nweje-Anyalowu Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Abia State, Nigeria Nigeria lukaspod@yahoo.com Chinomso Friday Aaron Chinomso Friday Aaron Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Physical Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria Nigeria aaron.friday@absu.edu.ng Charles Nnanna Chukwu Charles Nnanna Chukwu Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria Nigeria charles_chukwu@uniport.edu.ng Spermacoce radiata Hypselodelphys poggeana benign prostatic hyperplasia hepatic disorder hepatic enzymes liver histomorphology. Lee C, Kozlowski JM, Grayhack JT. (1995). Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 1995; 22(2): 237-246.##Briganti A, Capitanio U, Suardi N, Gallina A, Salonia A, Bianchi M, et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and its aetiologies. Eur Urol Suppl 2009; 8(13): 865-871.##Akbari F, Azadbakht M, Megha K, Dashti A., Vahedi L, Nejad A B, et al. Evaluation of Juniperus communis L. seed extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced in male Wistar rats. Afr J Urol 2021; 2021: 27:48.##Rohrmann S, Katzke V, Kaaks R. Prevalence and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in an aging population. Urol 2016; 95: 158–163.##Iscaife A, Anjos G, Barbosa NC, Nahas WC, Srougi M, Antunes AA. The role of bladder diverticula in the prevalence of acute urinary retention in patients with BPH who are candidates to surgery. Int Braz J Urol 2018; 44(4):765-770.##Keong TF. Pathophysiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am Res J Urol 2017; 4: 152-157.##Gormley J, Stoner E, Bruskewitz RC, Imperato-McGinley J, Walsh PC, McConnell JD. The effect of Finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(17): 1185-1191.##Yu ZJ, Yan HL, Xu FH, Chao HC, Deng LH, Xu XD, et al. Efficacy and side effects of drugs commonly used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00658##Miles CB, Charu T, Lomas KT, Pradeep K, Yahya EC, Viness, P. Nutraceutical-based therapeutics and formulation strategies augmenting their efficiency to complement modern medicine: An Overview. J Funct Foods 2014; 6: 82-99.##Pereira ZV, Carvalho-Okano RM, Garcia FC. Rubiaceae Juss. da Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso, Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Acta Bot Brasil 2006; 20:207-224.##Vadivelan S, Sinha BN, Betanabhatla KS, Christina AJ, Pillai RN. Anti-inflammatory activity of Spermacoce articularis Linn on carrageenan induced paw edema in Wistar male rats. Pharmacolonline 2007; 3: 478-484.##Subramanya MD, Pai SR, Upadhya V, Ankad GM, Bhagwat SS, Hegde HV. Total polyphenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant properties of eight Sida species from Western Ghats, India. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6: 24‑8.##Abbiw D. Useful Plants of Ghana: West African Uses of Wild and Cultivated Plants London: Intermediate Technology Publications, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1990. p. 337.##Uroko RI, Anyiam PN, Uhuo EN, Ajah O. Combined ethanol extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphyspoggeana prevents renal damage and dyslipidemia in benign prostatic hyperplasia induced rats. J Herb Med 2021; 12(4): 43-52.##Thornburg JM. Targeting aspartate aminotransferase in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10(5): 84-84.##Ekeyi Y, Uchendu NO, Anaduaka EG, Ezeanyika LUS. Ethanol extract of Cassia sieberiana leaves ameliorates deviances associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. All Life 2021; 14: 473-483.##Chukwu CN, Uroko RI, Egba SI, Adamude FA, Asadu CL. Effects of combined ethanol extract of Anthocleista Vogelii and Alstonia Boonei stem barks on liver function indices in benign prostatic hyperplasia induced rats. Nigerian J Pharm Res 2021; 16(2):191-201.##Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. Acta Clin Belg 2004; 59(5): 285-289.##Stocken DD. Modelling prognostic factors in advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 99(6): 883-893.##Amang AP, Kodji E, Mezui C, Baane MP, Siwe GT, Kuissu TM, Emakoua J, Tan PV. Hepatoprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Opilia celtidifolia (Opiliaceae) Leaves against Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020:6297475.##Tofik AE, Zawdie B, Nair SKP, Welde M, Mateos HT. Evaluation of the effect of hydromethanolic seed extract of Lepidium sativum L. (Fetto) on deep-fried palm oil diet induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on male Swiss albino mice. Hepatic Medicine: Evid Res 2022; 14: 1-12.##Chong CLG, Hussan F, Othman F. Hepatoprotective effects of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract on ovariectomized rats fed with thermoxidized palm oil diet: evidence at histological and ultrastructural level. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019; 20(2): 2-10.##Nawaz H, Rehman T, Aslam M, Kiran S, Feen T, Nawaz M. Optimization of Phyllanthus emblica L. leaf extract-assisted clearance of hyperbilirubinemia in White New Zealand albino rabbits. All Life 2022; 15:54-63.##Gumaih HS. (2015). Effect of reused palm oil on biochemical and haematological parameters of mice. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci 2015; 7(1):13-21.## ##

Investigation of Antibacterial Effect of Ferula macrocolea Extract and Quantity Determination of Inhibitory Effect on 4 Standard Strains of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria 2 2 Objective: Ficus exasperata Vahl (Sandpaper tree) is extensively used in Nigeria to treat diseases, but a dearth of documentation about its toxicity exists. This information is crucial because pollutants can contaminate medicinal plants. This study determined the heavy metal and phytochemical content of methanolic leaf extract of F. exasperata obtained in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Material and Methods: The lethality of the plant was also assessed using 70 wild shrimps divided equally into seven groups. Group 1 (negative control), groups 2 and 3 (positive controls) were exposed to 500 and 1000 ppm of formaldehyde, respectively; and groups 4-7 were exposed to 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm of extracts, respectively, for 96 hours. Results: The phytochemistry revealed high levels of flavonoids and saponins and moderate levels of tannins and phenols. The heavy metal analysis revealed non-tolerable levels of cadmium, copper, and lead, while zinc was within the tolerable limit. The negative control recorded 10% mortality, 1000 and 2000 ppm (20% each), 4000 ppm (70%), and 8000 ppm (100%). Conclusion: These results inferred safe doses of the plant’s extract in low and medium concentrations but toxic and fatal at high doses over a period of time. Consumers are advised to seek an expert’s guidance before using it. 87 92 2023/07/162021/11/222022/01/92021/05/262022/03/42021/09/112022/02/212022/03/212022/04/112022/04/222022/05/12022/05/25 1401/3/4 2022/06/212022/01/52022/04/122022/02/12022/03/252022/04/52022/04/112022/04/172022/04/142022/05/72022/05/102022/06/21 1401/3/31 Mohammad Ali Naderi Mohammad Ali Naderi Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran ایران Hamed Afkhami Hamed Afkhami Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed, Tehran, Iran ایران Fatemeh Ghaffarian Fatemeh Ghaffarian Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran ایران Marzieh Rahimi Marzieh Rahimi Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران Fatemeh Sameni Fatemeh Sameni Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran ایران Neda Khorshidi Neda Khorshidi Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran ایران Atefeh Akbari Atefeh Akbari Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran ایران university.ac55@gmail.com Ferula macrocolea Antibiotic resistance Antibacterial effect Medicinal plant Macrì R, Musolino V, Gliozzi M, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Nucera S, et al. 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