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Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol) is a phenolic compound of the clove family Syzygium aromaticum. In traditional medicine, clove oil has been used as an antimicrobial, antiseptic and antispasmodic. Nowadays, there is also a wide range of use of eugenol for several purposes such as household products, fragrance in soaps and cosmetics, skincare products, flavoring substances for food, dental and pharmaceutical products. Eugenol causes an enhancement in skin penetration of diverse drugs, agricultural applications to protect foods from microorganisms, treatment of skin infections, skin lesions, and inflammatory disorders.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of major cardiovascular disorders that is widespread and has many complications, including death. Natural and herbal sources are one of the solutions to the treatment of various diseases. Many medicines are also used to treat chronic diseases. Some herbs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, especially vascular complications. Plants such as Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Vitis vinifera L., Allium ascalonicum L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Allium latifolium Jaub. & Spach, Artemisia sieberi Besser, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Amaranthus caudatus L., Securigera securidaca (L.) Degen & Dorfl., Ribes biebersteinii Berland. ex DC., Crocus sativus L., Achillea wilhelmsii K.Koch, Angelica dura K.Koch, Teucrium abutiloides L'Hér., Nigella sativa L., Nicotina tobacum L., and Pistacia vera L.

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The increased use of antibiotics and chemicals with various side effects is now persuading scientists to develop natural substitutes with appropriate effectiveness and protection for humans. The outbreak of the world's emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases has prompted pharmaceutical companies to develop new medicines. Valerian is one of the worldwide recognized medicinal herbs that consume abundantly for the treatment of various human diseases and disorders. The Valerianaceae family contains 10 genera and approximately 300 species ¹.  It has widely cultivated for commercial purposes in some regions of Iran, including ornamental, edible, and medical¹. 
V.officinalis rhizomes contain two major constituent groups, including volatile oil sesquiterpens and valpotriates. Both active components are present in the hypodermis in large thin-cells at the roots, and rhizomes periphery². Although there are still some disagreements about the relative efficacy of various groups of V.officinalis compounds, it is widely accepted that valerenic acid is the most important biologically active component^3,4. Valerenic acid and its derivatives are commonly considered to contribute to valerian extracts ' pharmaceutical effect, characterized and isolated by different analytical methods⁵.
Valerenic acid can be used in different disorders such as depression, chronic anxiety, and sleep disorders on the basis of the previous studies⁴. Based on previous literature, the valerenic acid component had antimicrobial effects on different microorganisms such as Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans and its methanolic extract functions were dose-dependent^6,7,8. Since the antimicrobial activity of V. officinalis in the total extract was correlated with abundant monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, more research on various aspects of pharmaceutical effects is suggested.
 

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Stomach ache is one of the most chronic and debilitating abdominal pains. Medicinal plants are one of the most accessible sources for treating diseases like gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we investigate and report the most important medicinal plants recommended by Persian medicine for treating stomach aches and comparing them with their proven effects in modern medicine.
Methods: Gastric pain was probed in Persian medicine reliable textbooks such as Cannon of Medicine (Ibn Sina), Tibbe-Akbari (Muhammad Akbar  Arzaani ), The Complete Art of Medicine (Kitāb Kāmil as-Sinā’a at-Ṭibbiyya) (Haly Abbas), Explanation of insults and signs (Kermani)
Tohfeh Al-Mo'menin (Seyed Mohammad Momen Tonekaboni), and some notes were taken.
Results: The results showed that Panicum miliaceum, Punica granatum, Solanum nigrum, Calicotome spinosa, Tamarindus indica, Cuminum cyminum, Prunus domestica, Matricaria recutita, Viola odorata, Plantago psyllium, Berberis vulgaris, Pyrus  communis, Linum usitatissimum, Vitis vinifera were the most important plant sources used in treating the stomach ache according to Persian medicine.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the useful effects of many recommended plants in Persian medicine are confirmed by recent scientific researches and are reliable.

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Thymol and carvacrol as a natural essential oils and phenol compounds, are a component derived from some medicinal plants, such as thyme and oregano species. These compounds have been shown to possess a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-infalmmatory, modulating of immunity respond and anticarcinogenic properties. One of main effects of these compounds that make them as valuable material in poultry medicine is antibacterial effect. The increasing consumption of organic and healthy meat and eggs in human society has made it increasingly necessary to use compounds that are completely natural and do not cause problems for human health. Since antibiotics are chemical compounds that can remain in meat and eggs and cause antibiotic resistance, allergies, mutations and even poisoning in humans. Therefore, utilization of compounds that are natural antibiotics can be easily fed with a higher safety in healthy poultry production. In this regard, the role of thymol and carvacrol as natural antibiotics in the poultry production has been discussed in a recent review.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. In 2017, it was expected that 425 million people (20–79 years of age) suffered from DM and the number is expected to rise to 629 million by 2045. for centuries cinnamon has been a culinary spice and folk remedy for various maladies. In traditional medicines, its uses include for relief of gastrointestinal distress, arthritis, high blood pressure, dermatitis, toothache, and colds; for improving menstrual irregularities; and for wound healing. In the current literature, the key words including cinnamon, diabetes, insulin, blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1C from the list of MeSH and other credible scientific websites such as Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar were used to compile the effects of cinnamon on blood glucose level and hemoglobin A1C in diabetes. Studies show cinnamon can reduce serum levels of glucose, hemoglobin A1C, improving glucose transport, improving anthropometric (Body Mass Index, body fat, and visceral fat), and improving glycemic parameters (FPG, 2hpp, HbA1C, Fasting Insulin, and Insulin Resistance).  From the findings of various studies, it can be concluded that the oral administration of cinnamon extracts has a valuable effect on blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1C.

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Perovskia.atriplicifolia.Benth is an extensive ethno medical tradition, the photochemistry of this plant has been the topic of several studies. The purpose of this research is investigating the variation in the essential oil composition of Perovskia. atriplicifolia plant at the different growth stages from Taftan mountain .The leaves of P. atriplicifolia were harvested before flowering, flowering, and after flowering stages.The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation method which were analyzed by the GC & GC-MS techniques. Oil yields (w/w%) related at three stages of plant growth were in the order of: before flowering (1.28), flowering (1.15),  and after flowering (1.03). In total 52, 62, and 43 components were identified using Kovats indices and quantified in the oils of the before flowering, flowering and after flowering stages representing 92.0 %, 86.31%, and66.46 %   respectively. The higher percent of which: geranyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, δ-3-carene ,trans-caryophyllene, bornyl acetate ,camphene,valeranone,α-pinene,were the main compounds in all oil samples.Total terpenoids were the main group of compounds in the before flowering (91.58 %), flowering (84.03 %) and after flowering stages (65.72 %) respectively. The before flowering stage essential oil is of the best quality.
 

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Recently, mathematical modeling and computer expertise are advancing hastily. Their progression has been smooth sailing. The advancements have expedited and speeded up our scientific analyses. Hence, it is fruitful and essential to take advantage of the opportunities. Leaf area is among the most important plant properties which are directly related to ecological and physiological variables of a plant including leaf area index, light interception, evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and growth. Thus, its calculation is extremely important. In this study, leaf area of species typica tress in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute of Iran named Kotra Germplasm Bank include Orange (Citrus sinensis), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and Lemon (Citrus lemon) were estimated using a non-destructive method Artificial neural network (NN) and by measuring quantitative leaf variables including width, length and a combination of width and length. For this purpose, four genera from each species were chosen and 200 leaves from different parts of their crown were collected. The width and length of the leaves were measured in the lab using a ruler, and their area was measured by a leaf area meter. This disquisition answered if GMDH-type NN was able to be applied to assess the area of the leaf as deferent according to particular variables consisting of a leaf with and leaf length. The average width, length, and area of leaves values significantly differed among the studied species as per the results.GMDH type NN provides a thriving tool for efficient detection of the model in data and precisely anticipating a proceeds indicator based on search input data and it’s able to be used to predict leaf area according to width and length.

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Objective: Diseases caused by various drug-resistant strains in plants are increasing in many countries, so many efforts have been made to find new compounds as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs and pesticides. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of 10 medicinal plants were investigated on Rathayibacter tritici and Xanthomonas translucens.
Material and Methods:  Alcoholic extracts of medicinal plants were extracted using a rotary apparatus. Two standard bacteria R. tritici and X. translucens were prepared from Persian Type Culture Collection. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of plants used at a concentration of 50 mg/ ml were determined by dilution in liquid medium on pathogens.
Results: Based on the results, the lowest inhibitory concentration of thyme essential oil was 6.25 ppm, which was inhibited by R. tritici, and the lowest concentration of Hypericum perforatum essential oil against X. translucens was 6.25 ppm. The lowest concentrations of essential oils of yew and fennel were 6.25 ppm, which were inhibited by both bacteria. Rubia tinctorum leaf essential oil in a concentration of 6.25 only inhibited R. tritici bacteria. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils of the studied plants were higher than the extract.
Conclusion: Essential oils of yew and oleander were the most effective against R. tritici and X. translucens, followed by thyme and rosemary against R. tritici and herring flower against X. translucens.  Although the clinical use of ethanolic extracts and essential oils of the studied plants seems valuable due to side effects, but for the clinical use of essential oils and extracts, more research should be done on the mechanism of action of effective compounds of these plants on microbial agents.

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Objective: The global burden of cancer is increasing due to aging, population growth, poor nutrition, inadequate exercise, as well as high-risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. According to the World Health Organization, in 2008, the ASR (Age Standardized Rate) of cancers of both sexes (according to the global reference population) in Iran is 107.7 per 100,000 population, and its five most common cancers are stomach, breast, colorectum, Bladder, and leukemia. According to global ASR statistics, the most common cancers in both sexes are 181.6 and five cancers are lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, and prostate. With the increase in life expectancy and the increase in the aging index in the population of Iran, it is expected that the incidence of various cancers will increase in the coming years and a lot of humans and financial capitals will be wasted. On the other hand, with the advancement of technology in bioinformatics and molecular techniques, a lot of information has been obtained that will help in the early detection of cancer. Meanwhile, despite much research on cancer and its treatment, this disease is still one of the biggest health problems in human societies.
Material and Methods: This research has been prepared in the form of a library, also articles reported in authoritative sources such as Springer, Elsevier, PubMed, Nature, etc. in 2021.
Results: Alfalfa extract and Aloe vera L. have been used to treat breast cancer and prevent dermatitis. Nigella sativa and boron have been used in the treatment of prostate, breast, cervical and lung cancers. Wild pistachio has been shown to affect colon cancer cell line. Artichokes improve the liver, bile, lower cholesterol and blood lipids. The leaves of the Hedera plant (Hedera pasuchovii G.Woronow) have been shown to affect breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and uterus (Hela) as well as blood lymphocytes. Bakhtiari savory has been effective on Hela cancer cell line.
Conclusion: Considering that chemical drugs used in the treatment of cancer, in addition to creating drug resistance the study of medicinal plants and factors of natural origins, such as compounds derived from medicinal plants used in the treatment of cancer is one of the most important objectives of the present study.

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Objective: Medical treatments and preventions have made use of essential oils since the middle ages. Bactericidal, fungicidal, and antioxidant characteristics are among the various uses for essential oils in the fields of sanitation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food. The volatile components of these plants are phenol-derived aromatics, aliphatic compounds, and terpenes and terpenoids.
Material and Methods: Our paper discusses some of the biochemical properties of essential oils, including their antimicrobial properties, which can be used instead of dangerous synthetic fungicidal and bactericidal products. Articles were related to searching keywords such as essential oils, agents, Medicinal plants. PubMed, Google Scholar and SID databases were used as search sources.
Results: Essential oils are used as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and insecticidal compounds
Conclusion: In recent years, increasing interest has been shown in the possibility of using essential oils as antimicrobials and preservatives in various industries.

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Objective: The combined extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphys poggeana leaves has been shown to be a potent therapeutic agent against benign prostatic hyperplasia and it is used extensively for BPH and other diseases by local traditional medicine practitioners without any evaluation of its toxicity effects on liver and other vital organs in the body.  The study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of a combined extract of S. radiata and H. poggeana (CEESH) on rats with prostate enlargement (BPH).
Material and Methods: The study had five groups of rats (n = 6), with groups 1 and 2 being the normal and BPH controls, respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were the BPH rats administered Finasteride, 300 and 600 mg/kg CEESH, respectively. Prostate enlargement was induced in the rat by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone injection (5 mg/kg/day for 28 days), while Finasteride and CEESH were respectively administered to the rats orally as therapeutic agents.
Results: Prostate enlargement in the rats elevated AST, ALT and ALP activities in BPH control coupled with a significant rise in the serum bilirubin levels compared to the normal control. The total protein and its constituents (including albumin and globulin) declined significantly in the BPH control compared to the normal control. Administration of CEESH to the prostate enlarged rats lowered AST, ALT, and ALP activities in groups 4–5 rats significantly (P<0.05) compared to BPH control. Besides, the CEESH treated had elevated total protein (including albumin and globulin) levels compared to the BPH control. The high bilirubin levels in the BPH control were significantly diminished in the rats treated with CEESH. No alterations in the liver micrographs of the BPH control and CEESH administered rats were observed.
Conclusion: These findings showed that CEESH confers hepatoprotection in BPH induced rats and could be used to manage BPH and other hepatic disorders.

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Objective: Ficus exasperata Vahl (Sandpaper tree) is extensively used in Nigeria to treat diseases, but a dearth of documentation about its toxicity exists. This information is crucial because pollutants can contaminate medicinal plants. This study determined the heavy metal and phytochemical content of methanolic leaf extract of F. exasperata obtained in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria.
Material and Methods: The lethality of the plant was also assessed using 70 wild shrimps divided equally into seven groups. Group 1 (negative control), groups 2 and 3 (positive controls) were exposed to 500 and 1000 ppm of formaldehyde, respectively; and groups 4-7 were exposed to 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm of extracts, respectively, for 96 hours.
Results: The phytochemistry revealed high levels of flavonoids and saponins and moderate levels of tannins and phenols. The heavy metal analysis revealed non-tolerable levels of cadmium, copper, and lead, while zinc was within the tolerable limit. The negative control recorded 10% mortality, 1000 and 2000 ppm (20% each), 4000 ppm (70%), and 8000 ppm (100%).
Conclusion: These results inferred safe doses of the plant’s extract in low and medium concentrations but toxic and fatal at high doses over a period of time. Consumers are advised to seek an expert’s guidance before using it.

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Objective: Food derived antioxidants have a special property for long term use as chemopreventive factor in disease states such as alcoholic liver diseases and hepatitis. This research decided to assess the property of several Eruca sativa Mill extract in ethanol induced liver injury in animals.
Material and Methods: 30 rats were divided into four groups included treatment groups with E. Sativa extracts (Water and methanolic), prophylactic and control. Oxidants/antioxidants profile, lipid profile, and serum liver functions tests were done.
Results: The finding revealed that extracts of E. Sativa decrease the alcoholic liver injury. In addition, the extracts of E. sativa may exert their prophylactic and cure role against ethanol oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant molecules levels.
Conclusion: Totally, this research proofed that the E. sativa leaves water extract is better than methanolic extract in decreasing alcoholic liver injury.