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Thymol and carvacrol as a natural essential oils and phenol compounds, are a component derived from some medicinal plants, such as thyme and oregano species. These compounds have been shown to possess a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-infalmmatory, modulating of immunity respond and anticarcinogenic properties. One of main effects of these compounds that make them as valuable material in poultry medicine is antibacterial effect. The increasing consumption of organic and healthy meat and eggs in human society has made it increasingly necessary to use compounds that are completely natural and do not cause problems for human health. Since antibiotics are chemical compounds that can remain in meat and eggs and cause antibiotic resistance, allergies, mutations and even poisoning in humans. Therefore, utilization of compounds that are natural antibiotics can be easily fed with a higher safety in healthy poultry production. In this regard, the role of thymol and carvacrol as natural antibiotics in the poultry production has been discussed in a recent review.

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Introduction
Wheat is one of the most widely consumed cereals in the world, especially in Asian countries. There is always a possibility to have carcinogenic toxic agents during the bread preparation process. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the milling process on aluminum contamination levels in produced flours in Alborz province.
Materials and methods
After preparing 60 samples of wheat, Sangak flour, Lavash or Taftoon flour from flour milling factories in Alborz province, the concentration of aluminum was quantified by ICP-OES. Data analysis was performed using Prism and SPSS software.
Findings
The milling machine affected the amount of aluminum level in the samples in the present study. The contamination level of aluminum has increased after the milling process. The highest average concentration of aluminum was 1.959 ± 0.560 mg/kg.
Conclusion
Bread is considered the main food source for the Iranian people. To preserve food security and decreasing the food contamination, Continuous monitoring and Enforce strict regulation is essential to maintain the quality of wheat and flour in the market. In the present study, the average concentration of aluminum in wheat and flour samples of Alborz province was in agreement with the standard set by the EU, Codex, and Iran.

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Background: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists bring about significant improvement in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), but they may have negative myocardial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in QTc and Tp-e in RA and AS patients treated with biological drugs.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included all eligible patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Iran from March 2021 to February 2022 and were randomly divided into two groups (anti-TNF group treated with methotrexate, rituximab, etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab and control group treated with methotrexate). Electrocardiographs (ECG) were performed on all participants at baseline and 6 months after initiation of treatment, and the QT, QTd, and TpTe were calculated with standard procedures.
Result: Of 128 patients with RA or AS, 64 patients were included in the anti-TNF group and control group, separately.  There was predominance of male gender: 69 (53.9%) vs. 59 (46.1%) among all patients with mean age of 47.77 years. After 6 months, the anti-TNF group already displayed a shorter mean QT and QTC than control group (418.7±15.6. ms vs. 414.0±17.5 ms, p =0.03; 461.7±25. 0 vs. 448.3±11.2, p=0.2), longer mean TpTE than control group (71.4±6.7 vs. 70.4±7.4, p=0.6). Post treatment increases in the QT were detected exclusively in the subgroup of patients being treated with Infliximab, Etanercept, Adalimumab, Rituximab for RA, which all were significant (P= 0.002, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, respectively). In contrast, post treatment changes in the QTd and QTdc indices were not outstanding and statistically significant.
Conclusion:  This study demonstrated that Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio were elevated in RA and AS patients. As previously reported, anti-TNF drugs induce a substantial rise in QT and QTc levels, which can pose considerable risks to patients due to their asymptomatic presentation.
 

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This review meticulously examines the antimicrobial effects of medicinal plants on Staphylococcus aureus and underscores their potential in overcoming the challenge of drug resistance. With a plethora of plant species known for their antimicrobial properties, exploring alternative solutions to combat bacterial infections is imperative. The review emphasizes the importance of investigating plant-derived compounds that can effectively inhibit bacterial growth through unique mechanisms and discusses the synergistic effects of combining multiple compounds from plant extracts. Researchers are actively working on isolating novel bioactive chemicals from plants to serve as effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics. The study highlights the critical role of herbal medicines in addressing resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and stresses the necessity for further research to develop innovative treatment approaches.
 

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Objective: Type 2 diabetes is linked to a heightened risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) due to metabolic and oxidative disturbances. Glutathione, a vital antioxidant, and malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, are critical in assessing oxidative damage and cellular stress. This study aims to examine the serum levels of these markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and CHD to gain insight into the relationship between oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in this population.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Khorramabad Heart Hospital in Western Iran, involving 100 patients with type 2 diabetes with CHD (T2DM-CHD) over a two-month period. Blood samples were also collected from fasting volunteers in a control group for comparative purposes. After centrifugation and serum separation, biochemical assays were performed to measure serum levels of MDA and glutathione.
Results: The serum level of MDA in the T2DM-CHD group was 19.3 ± 16.8 µmol/mg protein, significantly higher than the control group’s level of 6.9 ± 3.3 µmol/mg protein. Conversely, serum glutathione levels in the diabetic group were 15.3 ± 6.5 µmol/mg protein, markedly lower compared to the control group’s 34.8 ± 10 µmol/mg protein.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that patients with T2DM-CHD exhibit elevated levels of MDA and reduced levels of glutathione, indicating significant oxidative stress. This imbalance may contribute to the progression of diabetes-related complications and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, incorporating antioxidants as medications or supplements may be an effective strategy to mitigate oxidative stress and enhance clinical outcomes in these patients. Further research is required to identify the optimal types and dosages of antioxidants.

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Background: Warfarin, a commonly prescribed anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index, poses challenges in determining the appropriate dosage due to genetic variations among individuals. Incorrect dosing of warfarin can lead to catastrophic adverse events. Observational studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes significantly influence warfarin dose requirements. This study aimed to examine the impact of various genotypes on warfarin dose requirements among Iranian patients.

Methods: Blood samples were collected from 117 patients and stored in tubes containing EDTA. DNA was extracted, and the different alleles and genotypes of the studied SNPs were identified using the PCR-RFLP technique.

Results: Among the 117 patients, no significant differences were observed in the mean daily warfarin dose requirement among the genotypes of the CYP2C93 (1075A>C) polymorphism. However, significant differences were found among the genotypes of CYP2C92 (430C>T). Furthermore, the mean daily warfarin dose requirements varied significantly among the wild-type, heterozygous, and mutant genotypes for two VKORC1 polymorphisms: VKORC1 (1173C>T) and VKORC1 (1639G>A).

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms significantly affect warfarin maintenance dose requirements in Iranian patients. This information can improve the prediction of appropriate warfarin dosages and reduce the risk of over-anticoagulation or under-anticoagulation.