1. Amberg N, Fogarassy C. Green consumer behavior in the cosmetics market. Resources. 2019;8(3):137. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8030137
2. Gediya SK, Mistry RB, Patel UK, Blessy M, Jain HN. Herbal plants: used as cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2011;5(9):82–95. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79105
3. Kumar N, Mistry RB, Patel UK, et al. Herbal cosmetics: used for skin and hair. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2016;8(5):345–54. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2016.5.4
4. Hussain I, Ullah R, Ullah R, et al. Natural products in skin care: a review. Clinical Dermatology Review. 2022;6(2):65–71. https://doi.org/10.4103/cdr.cdr_11_22
5. Dureja H, Kaushik D, Gupta M, Kumar V, Lather V. Cosmeceuticals: an emerging concept. Indian J Pharmacol. 2005;37(3):155–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.16211
6. Lupo MP, Cole AL. Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20(5):343–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00146.x
7. Sharmeen JB, Mahomoodally MF, Zengin G, Maggi F. Essential oils as natural sources of fragrance compounds for cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Molecules. 2021;26(3):666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030666
8. Khalid H, Abdalla W, Abdelgadir H. Sudanese plants in ethnomedicine and cosmetics. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143(2):540–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.019
9. Hassaballa A, Ahmed A. Henna in Sudanese culture. Sudan J Tradit Med. 2022;6(1):45–51
10. Khider TO. The role of ethnobotany in Sudanese rural economy. Sudan J Econ Bot. 2018;12(4):233–40.
11. Sahebkar A, Iranshahy M, Afshari AR. Clinical evidence of medicinal plants in cosmeceuticals: current status and future perspectives. Phytother Res. 2019;33(11):2879–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6459
12. Arora R, Kumar R, Sharma A. Regulatory frameworks for herbal cosmetics: current status and future perspectives. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(11):3735–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14463
13. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
14. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0. London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. [No DOI]
15. Faccio M. Sustainable production in herbal cosmetics. Sustainability. 2020;12(4):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041501
16. Bitwell W, et al. Cosmeceuticals: bridging cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm Sci. 2023;45(6):432–9.
17. Pandy A. Role of phytochemicals in cosmetics. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):43–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.65324
18. Fowler JF, Woolery-Lloyd H, Waldorf H, Saini R. Innovations in natural ingredients for cosmeceuticals. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(6 Suppl):s62–81.
19. European Commission. Horizon 2020: circular economy and natural cosmetics report. Brussels: EC; 2020.
20. Bouissan R, et al. Plant-derived cosmeceuticals: global trends. Nat Prod Commun. 2025;20(3):301–9.
21. Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia. 2010;81(6):462–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001
22. Abdelwahab SI, Hassan LEA, Sirat HM. Anti-inflammatory activities of Lawsonia inermis Linn. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4(4):456–63.
23. Ali BH, Blunden G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Lawsonia inermis Linn. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;83(1–2):19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00299-6
24. Salem ML. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of the Nigella sativa L. seed. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5(13–14):1749–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.06.008
25. Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, et al. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: a miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(5):337–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1
26. Yagi A, El Tigani S. Evaluation of the biological activity of Aloe sinkatana from Sudan. Fitoterapia. 1998;69(5):409–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00067-3
27. Hamman JH. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules. 2008;13(8):1599–616. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13081599
28. Da-Costa-Rocha I, Bonnlaender B, Sievers H, Pischel I, Heinrich M. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.–a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Food Chem. 2014;165:424–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002
29. De Caluwé E, Halamová K, Van Damme P. Adansonia digitata L. – a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Afr Focus. 2010;23(1):11–51. https://doi.org/10.21825/af.v23i1.5033
30. Chadare FJ, Linnemann AR, Hounhouigan JD, Nout MJR, Van Boekel MAJS. Baobab food products: a review on their composition and nutritional value. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009;49(3):254–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701856330
31. Ismail A, Ikram EHK, Nazri HSM. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds – nutritional composition, protein quality and health benefits. Food Chem. 2008;110(4):989–95. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.045
32. Shahat AA, Hammouda FM, Ismail SI, et al. Biologically active saponins from Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Zygophyllaceae). Phytochem Rev. 2014;13(4):943–58. doi:10.1007/s11101-014-9358-9
33. Chothani DL, Vaghasiya HU. A review on Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (desert date): phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and clinical evidence. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011;5(9):55–62. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79101
34. Pathak N, Rai AK, Kumari R, Bhat KV. Value addition in sesame: a perspective on bioactive components for enhancing utility and profitability. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014;8(16):147–55. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.134229
35. Anilakumar KR, Pal A, Khanum F, Bawa AS. Nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds – an overview. Agric Conspec Sci. 2010;75(4):159–68.
36. Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH. Pharmacological screening of Ziziphus spina-christi fruits: antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;102(2):266–73. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.031
37. El Kamali HH, Khalid SA. The most common herbal remedies in central Sudan. Phytother Res. 1996;10(5):479–86. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199608)10:5<479::AID-PTR857>3.0.CO;2-I
38. Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A. Antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoids content in two varieties of Eruca sativa. J Med Plants Res. 2011;5(17):3891–6.
39. Fawzy GA, Al-Taweel AM, Perveen S, et al. Phytochemical and biological evaluation of Eruca sativa seeds. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(2):143–8. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2012.04.002
40. Shah G, Shri R, Panchal V, Sharma N, Singh B, Mann AS. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf (Lemon grass). J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2011;2(1):3–8. doi:10.4103/2231-4040.79796
41. Ekpenyong CE, Akpan E, Daniel NE. Phytochemistry and toxicology of Cymbopogon citratus: a therapeutic review. J Med Food. 2015;18(5):610–16. doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.0107
42. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytother Res. 2006;20(8):619–33. doi:10.1002/ptr.1936
43. Mimica-Dukić N, Božin B. Mentha L. species (Lamiaceae) as promising sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(29):3141–50. doi:10.2174/138161208786404272
44. Ojieh GC, Adegor EC, Okolo PO. Physiochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of Ricinus communis L. oil. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2012;16(1):85–8. doi:10.4314/jasem.v16i1.12
45. Salunkhe DK, Chavan JK. Ricinus communis L. (Castor). In: World oilseeds: chemistry, technology, and utilization. Springer; 1992. p. 457–68. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3346-1_14
46. El Ghazali GE, El Tohami MS, El Egami AA, Abdalla WS, Mohammed MG. Medicinal plants of the Sudan. Part IV. Khartoum: National Centre for Research; 1997.
47. Abdel-Fattah AFM, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H. Antinociceptive effects of Boswellia carterii extract in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1–2):227–33. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00227-8
48. World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy 2014–2023. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
49. Grand View Research. Herbal cosmetics market size, share & trends analysis report 2023–2030. San Francisco: GVR; 2023.
50. El Kamali HH, El Khalifa KF. Traditional medicinal plants of Sudan: an overview of medicinal flora used in Sudanese ethnomedicine. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6:13. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-6-13
51. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Women’s empowerment and entrepreneurship in Africa. New York: UNDP; 2022.
52. Mukherjee PK, Maity N, Nema NK, Sarkar BK. Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging. Phytomedicine. 2011;19(1):64–73. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.003
53. El Hadek M, Cherkaoui A. Women, argan oil, and cooperative development in Morocco. J North Afr Stud. 2016;21(3):410–25. doi:10.1080/13629387.2015.1065041
54. Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014;4:177. doi:10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
55. World Trade Organization. Trade and standards in herbal and natural products. Geneva: WTO; 2020.
56. Mukherjee PK, Bahadur S, Chaudhary SK, Kar A, Mukherjee K. Value addition of botanicals for cosmeceuticals: a scientific overview. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;211:188–93. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.030
57. Mukherjee PK, Harwansh RK, Bahadur S, Banerjee S, Kar A, Chanda J. Development of cosmeceuticals from botanicals. Drug Discov Today. 2022;27(2):636–43. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.009
58. Heinrich M, Edwards S, Moerman DE, Leonti M. Ethnopharmacological field studies: a critical assessment of their conceptual basis and methods. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124(1):1–17. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.043
59. Zhang A, Sun H, Wang P, Han Y, Wang X. Modern analytical techniques in metabolomics analysis. Analyst. 2012;137(2):293–300. doi:10.1039/C1AN15605E
60. Prakash O, Rout PK, Chanotiya CS. Industrial utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants: challenges and opportunities. Ind Crops Prod. 2019;138:111473. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111473
61. World Health Organization (WHO). Traditional medicine strategy 2014–2023. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
62. FAO. Non-wood forest products for rural income and sustainable forestry. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2020.
63. Aboyade OM, Beauclair R, Mbamalu ON, Puoane TR. Herbal medicines use among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16:135. doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1162-0
64. Van Andel T, Carvalheiro LG. Why urban citizens in developing countries use traditional medicines: the case of Suriname. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;146(3):842–52. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.040
65. Shackleton CM, Pandey AK. Positioning non-timber forest products on the development agenda: a case study of Southern Africa. For Policy Econ. 2014;38:65–73. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2013.07.004