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Various methods have been developed in recent years to evaluate the total antioxidant activity of food and biological samples. In this study, a new ferric iron reducing assay was applied for measuring total antioxidants. This method is based on the oxidation on the reducing the iron III to iron II. The extraction was incubated with Fecl₃ and KSCN. Ferric thiocyanate complex is formed in an acid solution. This complex is measured at 474 nm. A lower absorbance indicates increased reducing power.

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Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem in society, both in children and in adults, which imposes stupendous costs on society. For centuries, people have used medicinal plants, herbal teas, and teas to relieve digestive problems, including to stimulate the digestive system and reduce constipation. Therefore, in this study we sought to investigate the indigenous and ethnobotanical knowledge regarding constipation in children and infants in Shahrekord. The present ethnobotanical study was carried out through a questionnaire in Shahrekord. This study was conducted from April 2017 to February 2018 through face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire among 29 traditional therapists. The results of this study showed that medicinal plants such as Descurainia sophia (L.) Prantle., Rumex pulcher L., Alyssum spp.Stead. Ex Boiss., Prunus amygdalus L., Astragalus adscendens Bioss. & Hausskn, Echinops persicus Stev. & Fisch., Plantago major L., Rheum ribes L., Stachys lavandulifolia, Plantago major, Alcea spp., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Peganum harmala L., Pistachia atlanta Desf. and Prangos ferulacea L. are traditionally used to treat constipation in children and infants
 

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in childhood that delayed diagnosis and treatment can cause irreversible complications. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection in elementary school children in Khorramabad city, Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 460 female students of elementary and secondary schools of Khorramabad city were recruited after completing a questionnaire including symptoms of infection, medical and disease history, and urine culture. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by disk diffusion method accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) instructions. Statistical analysis were performed by SPSS software. Of 460 students, based on urine culture results 12 (2.6%) had urinary tract infection. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in 5 patients (1.1%) and positive culture and clinical symptoms were reported in 7 cases (1.5%). Escherichia coli (83.3%) was reported as the main cause of UTI among the tested samples. The highest antibiotic susceptibility was related to imipenem (91.6%) and ceftazidime (83.3%). The prevalence of UTI, pathogenic microbial agents and sensitivity to antibiotics in different regions and periods has a significant difference, which can be due to different health levels, constant change in incidence of germs that cause UTI and various antibiotics resistance. Because almost half of the cases of urinary tract infection are asymptomatic, screening for primary school children is necessary.

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Gelatin is a solid and transparent material that has wide application in various industries, especially for the production of food and pharmaceutical. This material is mainly made from meat, skin and bones of pigs and cows around the world. The industrial process of gelatin production is a long and costly process. It seems; these sources of gelatin production may be harmful to health. Therefore, this study was aimed at reviewing the alternative sources of gelatin production and the disadvantages and benefits of each of them. Relevant articles were searched from Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Science direct, and Cochrane library. According to the results of this article, gelatin with a source of animal can have many harmful effects on human health. While it is possible to produce good and useful gelatin using plant sources. Nowadays, from materials such as agar, pectin, carrageenan and konjac that are mentioned above, and as well as other materials, very good gelatins are prepared. And further researches are needed to find the rich sources of good gelatins or to find plants that have appropriate gelatin. In total, in gelatin, there are 18 types of amino acids, and of 10 amino acids needed for the body, 9 are in gelatin. In total, gelatin is introduced safe by the FDA.
Note: This article has been revised and rewritten due to the request of the corresponding author from the journal "Plant Biotechnology Persa" due to the use of unreferenced contents. In October 2023, the journal " Plant Biotechnology Persa " accepted the revised version of article following the COPE rules. Formerly title of paper: Gelatin, halal or haram?.
 

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Genetic modification is a specific part of gene technology that changes the genetic structure of living organisms, such as animals, plants, or microorganisms. Genetically Modified, is known with such names as Transgenic or Transgenic. In recent years, discussions have arisen about the potential effects of transgenic corn on health There are also discussions about its effect on other insects and other plants due to the gene flow The study was conducted as a systematic double-blind review by searching the Internet at the Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Highwire, MD Consult and Scopus databases. From the result of this study, we can come to a Conclusion that any transgenic product is not usable and can have many disadvantages, while some of them are completely safe and usable.

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Cancer is an important public health issue worldwide and is the main cause of death in the developed countries and the second cause of death in the developing countries. There are several treatments for cancer such as photodynamic therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Current cancer treatments have various side effects, including the gradual resistance of cancer cells to treatment. The era of targeted cancer therapy has brought about new clinical approaches such as antibodies, small molecules, antiangiogenics, and antivirals. Yet even these strategies remain limited in their ability to accumulate in tumors and tumor penetration, which are the main obstacles in the treatment of cancer. Historic efforts to harness living organisms to fight cancer have recently been revived in the field of synthetic biology. Certain circulating bacteria can intrinsically home in on tumors, and can be engineered to controllably induce local cytotoxicity while remaining unobtrusive to the host system. Due to the ineffectiveness of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy in advanced tumor stages, resistance to treatment and non-specificity of these treatments, with the advancement of studies in this field, it is hoped that bacterial therapy will add a new dimension to cancer treatment.

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In this study, from June 2019 to May 2019 aerial parts of Scrophularia striata Boiss. were collected from Ilam city and those of Scrophularia deserti Delile from Dehloran city, Ilam province in western Iran. The aerial parts of the medicinal plants were pulverized. The essential and volatile oils were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and their chemical compounds analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Using HS-SPME, 68 and 49 chemical compounds were identified from S. striata and S. deserti, respectively. Spathulenol (18.41%) was the highest chemical compound of the essential oil of S. striata, followed by caryophyllene oxide (15.38%), linalool (11.85%), alpha-terpineol (8.34%), trans-caryophyllene (4.44%) and geraniol (3.10%). The most important identified compounds from S. deserti were caryophyllene oxide (15.38%), linalool (11.85%), alpha-terpineol (8.34%), trans-caryophyllene (4.44%) and geraniol (3.10%). The most important chemical compounds of S. deserti essential oil included alpha-pinene (25.54%), alpha-phellandrene (19.60%), beta-myrcene (11.29%) and trans-caryophyllene (6.78%). Results show major constituents of this two plant include with a high amount of Spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide has high pharmaceutical and healthful value.

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Allium Sativum L. is a plant with different nutritional and medicinal principles. Despite the valuable medicinal effects that have been reported for the garlic plant, but drug interactions with chemical drugs have been reported. Garlic interacts with antihypertensive drugs, Saquinavir, hypoglycemics, general anesthetics, and anticoagulants, so associated use of garlic with mentioned chemical drugs should be used with caution to prevent drug interactions and side effects.

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The objective of the study is to design, formulate and evaluate an oral gel containing Q. infectoria galls extract for its anti-Candida activity. The gel formulation was designed by using carbapol 940 and xanthan gum as gel forming polymers, propylene glycol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and required amount of distilled water. The pH  was maintained by drop wise addition of Tri-ethanolamine. Eight different gel formulations (F1 to F8) were prepared by dispersion method, using different concentrations of carbopol 940 for carbopol 940-based oral gels (F1and F2), and combined with xanthan gum as secondary gelling polymer for combined polymer-based formulations (F3-F8) have been prepared to study the individual effect of two polymers as well as polymer concentrations, and they were evaluated using official and non-official experiments including organoleptic properties, pH, spreadability, extrudability and viscosity, in vitro release and drug content uniformity. The stability study for the developed gel formulation was done as per ICH guidelines and antifungal activity was evaluated by paper disc diffusion method. The overall pharmaceutical acceptability were satisfactory for the developed oral gels regarding chemical and physical investigations. The viscosity of oral gels was significantly (P<0.05) affected by both of polymer concentration and polymer type, also the developed oral gel formulations exhibited antifungal activity against C. albicans, it was observed that the biological activity of prepared oral gels significantly (P=0.03) increases with decreasing polymers concentration. The accelerated stability testing indicated that all formulations showed a good stability, thus providing a safe and stable gel delivery system. The pharmaceutical evaluations and in vitro results showed that oral gel formulations can be a potential candidate for the delivery of Q. infectoria galls ethanolic extract to the oral cavity, with better in vitro characteristics, physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity, using carbopol 940 alone and in combination with xanthan gum as drug carriers.

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Hyperlipidemia is a chronic condition but in many cases it may be reversed by a healthy diet and regular exercise. It is also associated to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and obesity. Hyperlipidemia is known as one of the risk factors for coronary vessels disease, peripheral artery disease, and cardiac arrest. Drug-therapy is a usual method for treating hyperlipidemia. Consumption of probiotics may improve this problem and reduce the course of disease as well as its signs. The purpose of this review is to assess clinical evidences associating to role and effects of probiotics on the hl. Probiotics have greater influence on persons who suffer from high cholesterol. In the intestine, probiotics can bind to cholesterol and prevent its ingestion. Furthermore, they help in production of some biliary acids which play role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Some probiotics can produce short chain fatty acids that prevent formation of cholesterol in the liver. Probiotics are effective factors in reduction of hl.

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Lecaniodiscus cupanioides has been playing vital roles in traditional therapies in Nigeria towards management of several ailments. In the quest to investigating its genotoxicity, 30 mice weighing between 20 – 25g were placed in three groups of 10 mice each. Groups A and  B, orally administered 100 and  400 mg kg^-1 of the extract respectively for 49 days,  group C received distilled water as control. At expiration of treatment the mice were sacrificed via jugular puncture. Femurs were removed to extract the bone marrow for genotoxic assay. Heavy metal and proximate analysis was investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Bone marrow analysis revealed dose-related increase in the number of MN PCEs in treatments compared to control. A significant decrease in the number of Bud PCE was observed between treatment and control. Insignificant dose-dependent increase in MN NCE and significant dose related increase was observed in 100 mg kg^-1 treatment, also extract did not affect PCE /PCE +NCE ratio.  In the proximate analysis, carbohydrate was highest, followed by crude fiber, protein and ash respectively. From heavy metals evaluation, Zn was the highest, all metals observed were within permissible level. The insignificant result of PCE/PCE+NCE or MNE PCEs against control may infer that the extract is not aneugenic, clastogenic, cytotoxic or genotoxic to the bone marrow. Availability of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Cd at permissible level suggest the plant possess some health potentials. The extract can be affirmed to be devoid of genotoxicity within period, doses and battery of exposure.

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Introduction
Wheat is one of the most widely consumed cereals in the world, especially in Asian countries. There is always a possibility to have carcinogenic toxic agents during the bread preparation process. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the milling process on aluminum contamination levels in produced flours in Alborz province.
Materials and methods
After preparing 60 samples of wheat, Sangak flour, Lavash or Taftoon flour from flour milling factories in Alborz province, the concentration of aluminum was quantified by ICP-OES. Data analysis was performed using Prism and SPSS software.
Findings
The milling machine affected the amount of aluminum level in the samples in the present study. The contamination level of aluminum has increased after the milling process. The highest average concentration of aluminum was 1.959 ± 0.560 mg/kg.
Conclusion
Bread is considered the main food source for the Iranian people. To preserve food security and decreasing the food contamination, Continuous monitoring and Enforce strict regulation is essential to maintain the quality of wheat and flour in the market. In the present study, the average concentration of aluminum in wheat and flour samples of Alborz province was in agreement with the standard set by the EU, Codex, and Iran.

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Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a valuable medicinal and nutritional plant of the Fabaceae family. In traditional medicine, it is used to treat duodenal ulcers, coughs, sore throats, inflammation, bloating, strong laxatives and antidotes, hot flashes, relieves thirst, relieves skin discomfort, and anti-allergies. The most important active ingredient in this plant is glycyrrhizic acid. G. glabra L. is a widely used plant in Iran and medicinal products have been produced from it in Iran. Interactions between herbal and chemical drugs are also common. In this review study, drug interactions between G. glabra L. and chemical corticosteroid drugs were investigated and reported. G. glabra L.  can interact with a variety of chemical drugs, so concomitant use of G. glabra L. with other drugs requires caution.

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Recently, mathematical modeling and computer expertise are advancing hastily. Their progression has been smooth sailing. The advancements have expedited and speeded up our scientific analyses. Hence, it is fruitful and essential to take advantage of the opportunities. Leaf area is among the most important plant properties which are directly related to ecological and physiological variables of a plant including leaf area index, light interception, evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and growth. Thus, its calculation is extremely important. In this study, leaf area of species typica tress in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute of Iran named Kotra Germplasm Bank include Orange (Citrus sinensis), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and Lemon (Citrus lemon) were estimated using a non-destructive method Artificial neural network (NN) and by measuring quantitative leaf variables including width, length and a combination of width and length. For this purpose, four genera from each species were chosen and 200 leaves from different parts of their crown were collected. The width and length of the leaves were measured in the lab using a ruler, and their area was measured by a leaf area meter. This disquisition answered if GMDH-type NN was able to be applied to assess the area of the leaf as deferent according to particular variables consisting of a leaf with and leaf length. The average width, length, and area of leaves values significantly differed among the studied species as per the results.GMDH type NN provides a thriving tool for efficient detection of the model in data and precisely anticipating a proceeds indicator based on search input data and it’s able to be used to predict leaf area according to width and length.

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Medicinal plants are useful in perfumery, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Recognition of compounds and functional groups of these plants helps to more understand their structure, medicinal and therapeutic applications. Essential oils and extracts are used to recognition structure. One of these spectroscopic methods for identifying functional groups in medicinal plants is Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. This study aimed to identify the functional groups of medicinal plants of Oliveria decumbent native to Ilam by the FTIR method. Based on the results obtained, it was determined that this plant includes 15 spectra including groups O-H, C-H, C = O, C = C, N-O, C-O, C-N, and C-I. So, the present study concluded that the Oliveria decumbens possessed strong functional groups.

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Due to different cultures and areas for the use of medicinal plants, there are various customs and traditional valuable methods that botany offers for finding new medicinal plants and herbal medicines. Lack of useful and effective drugs for itching and skin inflammation leads to the expansion of research on effective and natural remedies for patients. For this systematic review, databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar were used to have an access to articles on skin pruritus as well as the role of herbs in treating pruritus without release time limit. Words that were used separately in the title to retrieve articles as keywords included herbs, traditional medicine, herbal medicine, and itching. This article lists 19 plant species that are used in different parts of Iran as anti-pruritic herbal remedies. According to traditional Iranian ethnobotanical sources, Carthamus oxyacantha, Castor, Fumaria officinalis, Ziziphus, Milkvetch, Gallium verum, Trifolium repens, Fumaria asepala Boiss, Rumex chalepensis Mill, Salix elbursensis Boiss, Solanum nigrum, Chris, Verbascar citrulluscolocynthis, Matricaria recutita, Falcaria vulgaris Bernh and Anagallis arvensis are the most important medicinal plants used in Iranian ethnobotanical sources to treat pruritus. The researchers of the present study believe that the identification of antipruritic herbs is of great importance.